Tuesday, 3 December 2024

King Biden The First? A World Abandoning Rule Of Law?

Baltic Dry Index. 1298 -56          Brent Crude  72.10

Spot Gold 2649                US 2 Year Yield 4.17  +0.04

A bank is a confidence trick. If you put up the right signs, the wizards of finance themselves will come in and ask you to take their money.

House of All Nations (1938) is a novel by Australian writer Christina Stead.

No need for me to comment this morning, on a world rapidly turning upside down.

Look away from that struggling oil price and collapsing Baltic Dry (shipping) Index now.

Asian chip stocks mostly rise, shrugging off new U.S. semiconductor export curbs on China

Published Mon, Dec 2 2024 11:14 PM EST

Major Asian chip stocks outside of China rose Tuesday, shrugging off a new round of U.S. semiconductor export curbs aimed at impairing Beijing’s capability to produce certain high-end chips.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company — the world’s largest contract chip supplier — saw shares rise 2.4%.

Several Japanese chip-related stocks also gained. Tokyo Electron rose 4.7%, Lasertec climbed 6.7%, Advantest gained 3.9% and Renesas Electron advanced 2.2%.

Japanese technology conglomerate Softbank, which owns a stake in British chip designer Arm, saw its shares rise 3.6%.

The Biden administration’s latest chip curbs will also target sales of high-bandwidth memory chips, which could affect the world’s two largest memory chip makers — South Korea’s SK Hynix and Samsung.

Shares of Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix, however, rose 0.9% and 1.8%, respectively. 

Derrick Irwin, portfolio manager at Allspring Global Investments, told CNBC’s “Street Signs Asia,” on Tuesday that the high-bandwidth memory controls would impact South Korean players to a degree.

“Although our belief is that the impact and sales of high bandwidth memory chips into China are reasonably small from these players in the scheme of things, and they’ll probably be able to shift that demand into the U.S. and other markets,” he said.

The Department of Commerce announced on Monday that it was curbing semiconductor exports to 140 new companies in its latest effort to limit China’s ability to access cutting edge chip technology that could be used for advancing its military capabilities.

Naura Technology GroupPiotech and ACM Research were among the largest Chinese companies to be included in the export controls list.

Shares of Naura Technology and ACM Research fell 3% and 1%, respectively, in China while Piotech rose 1%. China’s largest chipmaker, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, fell 1.5% in Hong Kong.

U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo said Monday that the new export controls were the “culmination of the Biden-Harris Administration’s targeted approach to impair the PRC’s ability to indigenize the production of advanced technologies that pose a risk to our national security.” 

In addition to the entities added, the latest U.S. restrictions include new controls on 24 types of manufacturing equipment and three types of software tools used for developing semiconductors. 

Last month, the effectiveness of U.S. chip restrictions had been thrown into question when it was reported that a chip made by TSMC had been found in a Huawei product

The latest export restrictions include a new “red flag guidance” to address compliance concerns, and several “critical regulatory changes” to enhance the effectiveness of existing controls.

Asian chip stocks mostly rise, shrugging off new U.S. semiconductor export curbs on China

European markets set for higher open but France’s political upheaval is in focus

Updated Tue, Dec 3 2024 12:39 AM EST

European markets are expected to open higher Tuesday, with investors keeping an eye on political upheaval in France this week.

The U.K.’s FTSE 100 index is expected to open 18 points higher at 8,322, Germany’s DAX up 15 points at 19,922, France’s CAC up 29 points at 7,245 and Italy’s FTSE MIB up 43 points at 33,601, according to data from IG. Data releases Tuesday include U.K. retail sales and Spanish unemployment figures.

France’s financial markets will be closely watched Tuesday after Prime Minister Michel Barnier turned to special constitutional powers to pass a contested budget bill without a parliamentary vote. Opposition parties on both the left and right say they will back a no-confidence vote to bring Barnier’s minority government down. The vote could take place Wednesday.

The French CAC 40 index recorded a choppy session on Monday, starting the day lower before turning positive and then tumbling back into negative territory again.

Overnight, Asia-Pacific markets traded higher, tracking gains on Wall Street after the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq Composite rose to new records overnight. U.S. stock futures were near flat Monday night.

European markets live updates: stocks, news, data and earnings

S&P 500 futures are little changed after index closes at a record: Live updates

Updated Tue, Dec 3 2024 12:54 AM EST

Stock futures were little changed early Tuesday after the S&P 500 concluded the first session of December’s trading month at an all-time closing high.

Futures for the S&P 500Nasdaq 100 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average were all flat after a mixed session on Wall Street.

While the broad S&P 500 and technology-heavy Nasdaq Composite closed at records on Monday after hitting fresh intraday highs, the Dow ended more than 100 points, or about 0.3%, lower. That is despite the blue-chip index at one point topping the closely watched 45,000 level during the day.

Investors will watch for the October job openings report on Tuesday. It is the first in a salvo of data releases expected this week that can provide insight into the strength of the labor market. The main event will be Friday’s November payrolls report.

The data arrives ahead of the Federal Reserve’s policy meeting on Dec. 17-18. Fed funds futures are currently pricing in a nearly 75% probability that the central bank lowers interest rates during its policy gathering, according to CME’s FedWatch Tool.

“Labor is very important,” said Sam Stovall, chief investment strategist at CFRA Research. But “we should not see anything that would upend investors’ expectations that the Fed will cut rates again when they meet in December.”

Traders will also monitor Tuesday speeches from Fed Governor Adriana Kugler and Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee slated for the afternoon.

On the earnings front, investors will follow releases from Salesforce and Okta due after the bell.

Stock market today: Live updates

Next, a world moving away from rule of law and back to the Star Chamber.

The extraordinary breadth of Hunter Biden’s pardon

December 2, 2024

It’s one thing for a president to pardon his son. It’s another to do it like this.

President Joe Biden’s pardon of his son, Hunter Biden, on Sunday is exceptional not just because of the pardon’s recipient — the closest family member to receive a pardon in history — but also for its sheer breadth, according to experts on presidential pardons.

Biden didn’t just pardon his son for his convictions on tax and gun charges, but for any “offenses against the United States which he has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from January 1, 2014, through December 1, 2024.”

That’s a nearly 11-year period during which any federal crime Hunter Biden might have committed — and there are none we are aware of beyond what has already been adjudicated — can’t be prosecuted. It notably covers when he was appointed to the board of the Ukrainian energy company Burisma in 2014 all the way through Sunday, well after the crimes for which he was prosecuted.

Hunter Biden hasn’t been charged for his activities with regard to Burisma or anything beyond his convictions, and nothing in the public record suggests criminal charges could be around the bend. Congressional Republicans have probed the Burisma matter and Hunter Biden extensively and could seemingly have uncovered chargeable crimes if they existed, but haven’t done so.

Even still, the scope of the pardon is remarkable. Experts say there is little to no precedent for a pardon covering such a wide range of activity over such a long period, with the closest being Gerald Ford’s 1974 pardon of Richard M. Nixon after Nixon resigned post-Watergate.

Hunter Biden’s pardon “isn’t tied to any special counsel investigation or charging document,” Sam Morison, who spent 13 years working for the Justice Department’s Office of the Pardon Attorney, said via email. “The only pardon grant that comes close is Ford’s pardon of Nixon for any crimes he may have committed from 1969 to 1974, which on its face would have included crimes (if any) unrelated to Watergate.”

Experts pointed to several broad, preemptive and blanket pardons that bear similarities to the one covering Hunter Biden. But they also feature some key differences.

----And now-President-elect Donald Trump in 2020 pardoned former national security adviser Michael Flynn for “any and all possible offenses” arising from facts or circumstances that were “in any matter related” to special counsel Robert S. Mueller III’s Russia investigation.

The latter went even further than the former, by pardoning Flynn for conduct even just somehow related to the special counsel’s investigation. At the time, some experts regarded it as the broadest act of clemency since Nixon’s pardon.

“Flynn’s pardon was broad, to be sure, but not nearly as broad as Hunter’s,” Morison said.

There is some question about whether such a broad pardon for unspecified crimes is constitutional, an issue that arose when reports indicated Trump might preemptively pardon family members at the tail end of his first term.

The Nixon pardon was not tested in court. But the Supreme Court said amid Johnson’s post-Civil War pardons that a president’s pardon power “extends to every offence known to the law, and may be exercised at any time after its commission, either before legal proceedings are taken or during their pendency or after conviction and judgment.”

More

The extraordinary breadth of Hunter Biden’s pardon

Trump repeats vow to ‘block’ Nippon Steel’s bid for U.S. Steel

Published Mon, Dec 2 2024 11:29 PM EST

U.S. President-elect Donald Trump has pledged to block Japanese company Nippon Steel’s planned purchase of U.S. Steel.

“I am totally against the once great and powerful U.S. Steel being bought by a foreign company, in this case Nippon Steel of Japan,” Trump said in a post to his social media platform Truth Social on Monday night E.T.

“As President, I will block this deal from happening,” he said, adding that he will make U.S. Steel “Strong and Great Again” through the use of tax incentives and tariffs. 

While he made similar statements on the 2024 campaign trail, it was the first time that Trump had spoken about the deal since he won a second presidential term last month.

Nippon Steel, the fourth largest global steelmaker, reached an agreement to acquire U.S. Steel last December. However, the deal encountered opposition from United Steelworkers, a prominent labor union, as well as U.S. President Joe Biden, who has vowed that U.S. Steel will remain American-owned.

The U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment, which examines possible national security risks of transactions by foreign entities, has been reviewing the deal.

U.S. Steel has an annual production capacity of around 20 million metric tons, while Nippon Steel is the leading steel producer in Japan. Together, the two companies would have a total capacity of up to 86 million tons.

Nippon Steel and U.S. Steel did not immediately respond to CNBC’s requests for comment on Trump’s latest remarks.

A spokesperson for Nippon Steel previously said the acquisition would revitalize the American Rust Belt and enhance U.S. national security “in a way no alternative can.”

Takahiro Mori, Nippon Steel’s vice chairman, had told reporters in November that he believes the deal could be closed before Trump assumes the White House in January. In September, U.S. Steel CEO David Burritt had also expressed confidence, defending the planned sale as a deal that would strengthen national security, as well as economic and job security. 

Shares of U.S. Steel have fallen over 15% year-to-date, while Nippon Steel’s shares slipped more than 4% across the same period of time, according to data from LSEG. 

Trump repeats vow to 'block' Nippon Steel's bid for U.S. Steel

In other news.

Political turmoil in France sends euro tumbling and borrowing costs soaring as manufacturing crisis deepens

2 December 2024

French borrowing costs spiked and the euro fell yesterday as the Paris government teetered on the brink of collapse and bleak figures revealed a further downturn for Europe’s manufacturing sector.

The market turbulence came as Right-wing and Left-wing parties said they would back a no-confidence motion against prime minister Michel Barnier in the coming days.

Barnier made a dramatic appeal to French MPs urging them not to back the move –which would be the first time a French government has been brought down by a no-confidence vote since 1962. 

‘We are at a moment of truth,’ he said. ‘The French will not forgive us for putting the interests of individuals before the future of the country.’

Yields on French ten-year bonds – the return demanded by investors for lending to the government – spiked, briefly overtaking those issued by Greece.

The narrowing of the gap between the two countries’ borrowing costs illustrates how, while Greece has fought back from its chaotic debt crisis more than a decade ago, France – Europe’s second biggest economy – has sunk into the mire. 

At the same time, the gap between French bonds and those issued by Germany has increased.

That ‘spread’ – a gauge of the premium charged by investors for holding France’s debt – widened to 0.9 percentage points last week, the highest since 2012, and rose close to that level again yesterday.

The euro, meanwhile, dipped below $1.05 against the US dollar, closing in on a two-year low.

More

Political turmoil in France sends euro tumbling and borrowing costs soaring as manufacturing crisis deepens

Strikes underway at Volkswagen plants across Germany as wage conflict escalates

Published Mon, Dec 2 2024 6:04 AM EST

Volkswagen workers across Germany stopped work on Monday as the conflict between the German automotive giant and its employees over changes to labor agreements and potential factory closures escalated.

Nine of Volkswagen’s car and component factories in Germany were affected by the so-called warning strikes, with work either being halted temporarily for demonstrations or shifts being cut short by workers.

Photos on Monday showed workers carrying banners with messages that read “strike ready,” and “warning strikes — our right,” according to a CNBC translation.

“If necessary, this will be the harshest wage dispute ever seen at Volkswagen,” Thorsten Gröger, chief negotiator of key union IG Metall, warned in a statement on Sunday. How long and intense the conflict will be is down to the businesses’ negotiations, he said.

In a speech on Monday, Gröger hinted at potential further escalations of the conflict. “Those who ignore the workforce are playing with fire — and we know how to turn sparks into flames,” he said.

Daniela Cavallo, head of the Volkswagen works council, on Monday also called on workers to take a stand. The ongoing warning strikes aim to stress the demands of workers and to let the board know that the only way through a crisis is with the workforce, not against it, she said.

Three rounds of negotiations have taken place between Volkswagen, the union and company’s works council so far without success. Further talks are set to take place later this month.

Cavallo added that the planned negotiations on Dec. 9 would likely set the course for either convergence or escalation.

“Unfortunately the signs sent by the board in recent times are not really pleasing,” she said according to a CNBC translation.

More

Strikes at Volkswagen plants across Germany as wage conflict escalates

Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares resigns amid problems in U.S., falling sales

Published Sun, Dec 1 2024 5:16 PM EST Updated Sun, Dec 1 2024 6:04 PM EST

DETROIT — Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares has unexpectedly resigned from the automaker amid increasingly “different views” between the executive and the board of directors, the company said Sunday.

The world’s fourth-largest carmaker said its board accepted Tavares’ resignation on Sunday. His departure is effective immediately.

Jeep-maker Stellantis said its process to appoint a new CEO is “well under way” and that it expects to conclude the search during the first half of next year. Until then, the company said it will establish a new interim executive committee led by chairman John Elkann.

“Stellantis’ success since its creation has been rooted in a perfect alignment between the reference shareholders, the Board and the CEO. However, in recent weeks different views have emerged which have resulted in the Board and the CEO coming to today’s decision,” Henri de Castries, Stellantis’ senior independent director, said in a release.

A Stellantis spokesman declined to disclose any additional information regarding the resignation.

Tavares’ resignation comes less than two months after the company announced he would retire at the end of his contract in early 2026. At the time, Stellantis said it planned to name a a replacement by the fourth quarter of next year.

Tavares has led Stellantis since its creation through a 2021 merger between Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and PSA Groupe, where he had been board chair since 2014.

The longtime automotive veteran — a prodigy of former Nissan executive Carlos Ghosn — was widely heralded in recent years for spearheading the merger and making Stellantis one of the world’s most profitable automakers.

But this year, the company’s financial results have severely underperformed expectations amid mismanagement of the U.S. market — its prime cash generator — with a lack of investment in new or updated products, historically high prices and extreme cost-cutting measures.

The company, which also owns brands such as Dodge, Fiat, Chrysler and Peugeot, lowered its annual guidance targets in September, a month ahead of the automaker reporting a 27% decline in third-quarter net revenues.

Stellantis’ sales also have struggled this year. Most recently, the company reported a roughly 20% decline in year-over-year global vehicles sold during the third quarter. That included extending a yearslong free fall during in the U.S. despite Tavares’ attempts to correct what he has called “arrogant” mistakes.

More

Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares resigns amid problems in U.S.

Iconic Motorcycle Brand on Brink of Bankruptcy with $2.8 Billion Debt

2 December 2024

The iconic Austrian motorcycle manufacturer, KTM, has entered a restructuring process to avoid bankruptcy.

The company and two subsidiaries reportedly owe a combined total of $2.8 billion (€2.5 billion), according to Motorcyclesports.com.

The financial crisis puts 3,623 jobs at risk.

Employees are guaranteed their November salaries through Austria’s insolvency fund, but actual payouts may be delayed by months. KTM is expected to lay off at least 500 workers before the year ends, with motorcycle production halted in January and February 2024.

Austria’s Minister of Economy, Martin Kocher, expressed concern over how KTM’s once-promising financial outlook deteriorated so rapidly, demanding transparency from the company.

The governor of Upper Austria, Thomas Stelzer, emphasized efforts to assist KTM, stating, “We are doing everything we can to save the factory and the jobs.” However, Stelzer acknowledged that EU state aid rules and insolvency laws limit what support can be provided.

Iconic Motorcycle Brand on Brink of Bankruptcy with $2.8 Billion Debt

Global Inflation/Stagflation/Recession Watch.

Given our Magic Money Tree central banksters and our spendthrift politicians, inflation now needs an entire section of its own.

UK manufacturing PMI sinks to 9-month low as orders dry up

2 December 2024

LONDON (Reuters) - A gauge of British manufacturing activity released on Monday pointed to the sharpest contraction in nine months, as orders from domestic and foreign customers fell and ongoing supply chain disruption pushed up costs.

The S&P Global manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index sank to 48.0 in November from 49.9 in October - below an earlier estimate of 48.6 and the 50 level that divides growth from contraction.

S&P cited headwinds from a 25 billion pound ($32 billion) rise in employment taxes in the new Labour government's Oct. 30 budget, a 7% increase in Britain's minimum wage, disruption to shipping in the Red Sea and the threat of global goods tariffs.

"Manufacturers are left facing an environment of high costs, low demand and raised uncertainty for the foreseeable future," S&P director Rob Dobson said.

"While companies of all sizes are experiencing a downturn, small companies are the hardest hit, reporting especially marked drops in output, new orders and new export business," he added.

Last week U.S. President-elect Donald Trump said he planned to impose a 25% tariff on all goods the United States imports from Canada and Mexico and he has floated blanket tariffs of 10% to 20% on virtually all imports.

Some businesses said clients were delaying or cancelling investment projects due to increased costs following the budget and broader global uncertainty, S&P said.

Orders, output and employment all fell at the fastest pace in nine months.

Official data showed British manufacturing output volumes in September were 0.7% lower than their level a year earlier.

UK manufacturing PMI sinks to 9-month low as orders dry up

UK annual house prices rise by most in two years, Nationwide says

Published Mon, Dec 2 2024 2:34 AM EST

British house prices rose in November at the fastest annual pace since November 2022, according to data from mortgage lender Nationwide on Monday that added to signs of resilience in the property sector despite higher borrowing costs.

Annual prices rose 3.7% in November, and rose 1.2% on a monthly basis, Nationwide said. Both the annual and monthly increases were greater than economists had forecasts in a Reuters poll.

“Housing market activity has remained relatively resilient in recent months, with the number of mortgage approvals approaching the levels seen pre-pandemic, despite the higher interest rate environment,” Robert Gardner, Nationwide’s chief economist, said.

Other measures of Britain’s housing market have also shown momentum picking up. Figures from the Bank of England last week showed lenders approved the most mortgages for house purchases since August 2022.

The BOE reduced borrowing costs last month for only the second time in four years and said future rate cuts were likely to be gradual.

Gardener expects the housing market to continue to strengthen in the coming months.

“Providing the economy continues to recover steadily, as we expect, the underlying pace of housing market activity is likely to continue to strengthen gradually as affordability constraints ease through a combination of modestly lower interest rates and earnings outpacing house price growth,” he said.

More

UK annual house prices rise by most in two years, Nationwide says

Covid-19 Corner

This section will continue until it becomes unneeded.

Zoo Experiment Finds 1 in 5 Animals Test Positive For COVID-19 Virus

1 December 2024

A new paper provides a stark reminder that the virus responsible for COVID-19 is still spreading, with 9 animals out of 47 testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a zoo in Brazil.

It's likely that the animals caught the virus from humans.

"Zoos are unique in terms of the epidemiology of human-animal interactions," the team led by researchers from the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil writes in their paper.

"They shelter multiple species of wildlife from a wide range of taxonomic groups in relative proximity, and interactions between animals and humans are frequent, especially for animal caregivers."

Testing for the virus was conducted at the Belo Horizonte Zoo between November 2021 and March 2023. The researchers were able to sequence three of the viral genomes found in the nine animals.

A maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and a fallow deer (Dama dama) were found to be harboring the infamous Alpha variant, and a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) had the Omicron strain.

The SARS-CoV-2 RNA collected from the animals clustered close to human samples from the same region.

"Close contact between zoo animals and their caretakers is a likely route of infection," the authors note.

This certainly applies to infections in the November 2021–January 2022 period, but more animals became infected after the zoo reopened to the public in February 2022, which may be due to increased infections between the public and the keepers, and subsequently the animals.

Interestingly, a map of the zoo shows the infected species are somewhat close neighbors in the overall layout.

Of the animals that tested positive at the zoo, there were three western lowland gorillas and two maned wolves in total, as well as a pampas cat (Leopardus braccatus), a brown brocket deer (Subulo gouazoubira), a red deer (Cervus elaphus), and one fallow deer.

Since SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in December 2019, scientists have been concerned about its ability to jump between species, especially from humans to previously uninfected animal species.

Not only does this potentially threaten newly infected species, but it also offers the virus a chance to form natural reservoirs from which to evolve and spark future outbreaks.

Disease control in zoo animals is imperative, in part because of the animals' contact with humans and their close quarters with other animals, but also because many are involved in important conservation programs aimed at helping to save their species.

For instance, western lowland gorillas are critically endangered, and the World Organization for Animal Health records show they are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Early detection of infections in zoo animals could help researchers better understand how to prevent the virus from spreading and evolving in – or worse, decimating – wild populations.

"The detection of different variants suggests ongoing viral evolution and adaptation in new hosts," the authors write.

"These findings underscore the need for integrated public health strategies that include wildlife monitoring to mitigate the risks posed by emerging infectious diseases."

This research was published in Virology Journal.

Zoo Experiment Finds 1 in 5 Animals Test Positive For COVID-19 Virus

Technology Update.

With events happening fast in the development of solar power and graphene, among other things, I’ve added this section. Updates as they get reported.

The world is watching as Levidian launches first global auction of graphene

27 Nov, 2024

Cambridge climate tech firm Levidian has launched its first global auction – opening up a new route for buyers to access tonnes of high-quality graphene and unlock a future of more sustainable products.

The exercise is being run as a sealed-bid auction so there are likely to be multiple bidding rounds and an opportunity to submit revised offers.

There is no reserve price as such and the amount Levidian could raise from the exercise depends hugely on volumes and use cases.

The total figure Levidian is keen to raise remains under wraps but the auction is guaranteed to supercharge graphene commercialisation – and this process offers bidders priority access to the highest-quality, most sustainable graphene on the market.

Delivered from a global network of LOOP devices, the company will initially auction 15 tonnes of graphene in 2025 that will be functionalised to the specific needs of each buyer. Bidders will also be given the opportunity to secure additional volumes in 2026 and beyond.

Levidian is one of just five companies in the world to be designated by The Graphene Council as a Verified Graphene Producer – the only credential that includes independent third party in-person inspections of graphene production facilities, verification of production methods, volumes, and quality control processes.

Backed by a team of advanced materials scientists, Levidian works closely with its customers to integrate graphene into their existing processes and products.

The company offers a variety of functionalised graphene formats including graphene dispersions, masterbatches and graphene pellets to suit applications including batteries, polymers and rubbers.

Chief Commercial Officer, Ian Hopkins, said: “Not only does our graphene deliver performance improvements on just about every product it touches, it’s also less carbon intensive, more affordable, more scalable and a higher quality than anything else on the market today.

“By participating in this auction, we’re giving customers the opportunity to secure a first-mover price advantage and to build their graphene inventory. Graphene has been highly coveted since its discovery but has suffered from low adoption due to a lack of high-volume availability. We’re now at a tipping point for widespread graphene adoption – this auction demonstrates that the supply problem has been solved.”

Unlike other graphene firms, Levidian produces its graphene from the ‘bottom up’, cracking methane into hydrogen and carbon using a patented plasma process. The low temperature, low pressure LOOP process is highly efficient, requires neither catalysts nor water and produces no additional carbon dioxide.

Principal Scientist, Jeremiah Marcellino said: “The graphene we produce is exceptional in the market as a consistently high-quality, high-purity product that has been proven to improve the performance and carbon footprint of products as wide-ranging as thermoplastics, batteries and solar panels.

“Our LOOP device delivers outstanding continuous production and LOOP-to-LOOP consistency of graphene thanks to the tight constraints that it places on the material during formation, which ensures uniform graphene flake properties.

“The omission of catalysts or substrates in the process also leads to a very high purity material that is resistant to degradation – both key requirements in graphene applications across batteries and thermoplastics.”

Only last week Levidian announced the launch of its second-generation LOOP technology which will unlock industrial levels of graphene production from a global network of devices.

The company is targeting annual production of over 50,000 tonnes of graphene by 2030, which will make Levidian one of the largest producers of graphene in the world, while driving down the emission of around three million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent a year.

• To find out more about the auction and express your interest in participating, visit www.levidian.com/auction.

The world is watching as Levidian launches first global auction of graphene

Next, the world global debt clock. Nations debts to GDP compared.

World Debt Clocks (usdebtclock.org)

House of All Nations

The novel portrays the inner workings of the financial world of a bank in Paris in the early 1930s. The bank is populated by a cast of shady characters who are manipulative, unsavory schemers. The owner of the Bertillon Brothers bank, Jules Bertillon, exemplifies all that is bad about the bank and will stop at nothing to achieve his sole aim of making as much money as he can.

House of All Nations - Wikipedia


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