Wednesday, 5 July 2023

The New Gallium, Germanium Trade War.

Baltic Dry Index. 1044 -24                 Brent Crude 75.85

Spot Gold 1925             US 2 Year Yield 4.94 +0.07 Mon.

There can be few fields of human endeavour in which history counts for so little as in the world of finance. Past experience, to the extent that it is part of memory at all, is dismissed as the primitive refuge of those who do not have the insight to appreciate the incredible wonders of the present.

John Kenneth Galbraith.

In the stock casinos, more wobble. Who knew starting a high-tech semiconductor trade war on China might backfire?

But then who knew starting a NATO proxy war on Russia in the Ukraine would jeopardise much of the world’s vital exports of wheat, barley and sunflower oil, among other commodities.

Not to worry though, we have team Biden, Trudeau, Sunak, Macron, Scholtz and Von der Leyen on the case.


Asia markets fall as investors digest private surveys for services activity in Japan, China

UPDATED TUE, JUL 4 2023 10:30 PM EDT

Asia-Pacific markets largely fell as investors digest the release of private surveys on services activity from the region.

Services activity in Japan and China remained in expansion territory for the month while the pace of growth softened.

In Japan, the Nikkei 225 fell 0.16% and the Topix was fractionally higher. South Korea’s Kospi meanwhile lost 0.32% and the Kosdaq rose 0.44%.

Greater China markets were lower, with the Shanghai Composite and the Shenzhen Component fractionally lower. Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index fell 0.24% while the Hang Seng Tech index gained 0.22%.

Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 fell 0.15% after the Reserve Bank of Australia held rates at 4.1% on Tuesday.

U.S. markets were closed for the Independence Day holiday, but U.S. futures were all lower ahead of Wednesday’s session. Traders will be watching closely for minutes from the Federal Reserve’s June meeting, after Chairman Jerome Powell said last month to expect more rate hikes ahead.

Futures for the Dow Jones Industrial Average were down 0.11, while S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite futures declined 0.9% and 0.17% respectively.

Asia markets fall as investors digest private surveys for services activity in Japan, China (cnbc.com)

Stock futures are little changed Tuesday night in a holiday-shortened week: Live updates

UPDATED TUE, JUL 4 2023 7:02 PM EDT

U.S. stock futures were little changed on Tuesday night as Wall Street looks to resume a holiday-shortened week.

Dow Jones Industrial Average futures fell by 33 points, or 0.1%. S&P 500 and Nasdaq 100 futures dipped 0.07% and 0.14%, respectively.

Markets were closed Tuesday for the Fourth of July holiday. They closed early Monday.

Investors are coming off a positive session Monday, which kicked off the start of a new month, quarter and half-year for traders. Stocks rose slightly during the shortened trading day, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average adding 10.87 points, or 0.03%. The S&P 500 rose 0.12%, while the Nasdaq Composite closed 0.21% higher.

Those gains build on a strong start to the year. Last week, the Nasdaq Composite closed out its best first half of the year since 1983, while the S&P 500 notched its best first-half advance since 2019, as a surge in interest in artificial intelligence buoyed investor optimism in stocks. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was the laggard, rising just 3.8%. Some market participants expect that could mean continued upside in the second half.

“We’ve been bullish. We still think there’s a rally,” Carson Group’s Ryan Detrick told CNBC’s “Closing Bell” on Monday, adding, “Maybe we’re due for a pullback sometime August, September, October — perfectly normal — but we’d be a buyer of any weakness.”

On the economic front, traders are watching for May factory orders data out Wednesday after the market open. Economists polled by Dow Jones are anticipating a rise of 0.6%, which would be greater than the 0.4% increase the previous month.

Investors are also expecting June’s Federal Reserve meeting minutes at 2 p.m. ET, which could shed some light on the path for interest rate hikes going forward.

Elsewhere, New York Fed President John Williams is expected to speak at 4 p.m. ET at the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Central Bank Research Association (CEBRA) in New York City.

Stock market today: Live updates (cnbc.com)

In real world news, the USA and Europe were stunned by China’s retaliation in the widening high tech semiconductor trade war on China. Who knew that China is the dominant producer and exporter of germanium and gallium. Well no one in Washington or Brussels.


China move to curb chipmaking material exports escalates supply worries

BEIJING/SHANGHAI, July 4 (Reuters) - A move by China to restrict exports of some metals widely used in semiconductors, electric vehicles and high-tech industries has ramped up a trade war with the United States and could potentially cause more disruption to global supply chains.

Companies are rushing to react to the abrupt news announced on Monday, with one U.S. semiconductor wafer manufacturer quickly saying it was applying for export permits to assure investors. A China-based germanium producer told Reuters enquiries from abroad and prices had surged overnight.

China's commerce ministry said it would from Aug. 1 control exports of eight gallium products and six germanium products to protect its national security and interests, a move analysts saw as a retaliatory action in response to escalating efforts by Washington to curb China's technological advances.

"China has hit the American trade restrictions where it hurts," said Peter Arkell, chairman of the Global Mining Association of China.

"Gallium and germanium are just a couple of the minor metals that are so important for the range of tech products and China is the dominant producer of most of these metals. It is a fantasy to suggest that another country can replace China in the short or even medium term," Arkell said.

Gallium, germanium and other minor metals are widely used in wide-bandgap semiconductors in communication equipment, solar panels and electric vehicles.

China is the dominant producer of gallium and germanium. In 2022, top importers of China's gallium products were Japan, Germany and the Netherlands, news website Caixin said, citing customs data. Top importers of germanium products were Japan, France, Germany and the United States, it said.

EXPORT PERMITS, DISRUPTION WORRIES

U.S. semiconductor wafer maker AXT Inc (AXTI.O), which has manufacturing facilities in China, said on Monday its Chinese subsidiary Tongmei would immediately apply for permits to keep exporting gallium and germanium substrate products from China.

"We are actively pursuing the necessary permits and are working to minimize any potential disruption to our customers," said AXT Chief Executive Officer Morris Young.

A manager at a China-based germanium producer said his company had received several queries from buyers in Europe, Japan and the United States hoping to stockpile the product ahead of the export controls taking effect. The buyers were anticipating it could take as long as two months to obtain license permits for exports.

"Offer prices in the domestic market and the export market have increased to 10,000 yuan ($1,380) per kg and over $1,500 per kg, respectively," he said.

While the industry had expected to see some export controls for these metals, the timing had caught it by surprise, he said.

"Some downstream users have locked in long-terms sales contracts for the coming two to three years and they are vexed about a possible jump in raw material prices, as it raises their production costs and may cause them losses," he said, declining to be named citing the sensitivity of the matter.

Shares in some metal producers rose on Tuesday, with Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium Industry Co (002428.SZ) jumping 10% by the daily upper limit, and Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium Co (600497.SS) climbing 7%.

----Beijing last made a retaliatory move against U.S. pressure on chips in May, when it banned some domestic sectors from purchasing products from U.S. memory chipmaker Micron (MU.O).

Jefferies analysts said they saw the export controls as China's second and much bigger countermeasure in the U.S.-China tech war after the Micron ban, and also as a likely response to a potential U.S. tightening of an AI chip ban.

"The risk of a rapid escalation of U.S.-China tension is not small," they said.

"If this action doesn't change the U.S.-China dynamics, more rare earth export controls should be expected."

China move to curb chipmaking material exports escalates supply worries | Reuters

What are Gallium and Germanium? China curbs exports of metals critical to chips and other tech

---- Germanium and gallium are the two metals in the spotlight.

But what and how crucial are they?

---- What are germanium and gallium?

Germanium and gallium are metals that are not found naturally. They are instead formed, usually as a by-product of the refineries of other metals.

Germanium, a silvery-white metal, is formed as by-product of zinc production. Fellow soft, silvery metal Gallium, meanwhile, is a by-product of processing bauxite and zinc ores.

What are germanium and gallium used for?

Germanium has several uses, including in solar products and fiber optics. The metal is transparent to infrared radiation and can be employed in military applications, such as night-vision goggles.

The solar panels that contain germanium have applications in space.

Gallium is used for manufacturing the gallium arsenide chemical compound, which can make radio frequency chips for mobile phones and satellite communication, for example. That compound is also a key material in semiconductors.

Which country produces the metals?

China produces 60% of the world’s germanium and 80% of gallium, according to the Critical Raw Materials Alliance, an industry body.

Gallium arsenide is complex to produce, and only a few companies in the world can do so. One is located in Europe, while the others are in Japan and China, the CRM Alliance says.

How big of a deal are China’s curbs?

“A warning shot, not a death blow,” Eurasia Group said in a note on Monday.

“But these latest measures are more limited in scope, and while the new rules require Chinese exporters to first obtain a license, no language automatically bars export to specific countries or end-users.”

The U.S. and Europe don’t import huge amounts of these materials. The U.S. received $5 million of gallium metal and $220 million of gallium arsenide in 2022, according to government figures.

Germanium intake was higher, with the country taking $60 million of the metal, while the EU imported $130 million of Germanium in 2022, according to data from S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Other countries are also able to produce these metals. Belgium, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Ukraine can manufacture germanium. Japan, South Korea, Ukraine, Russia and Germany meanwhile produce gallium.

There are also potential substitutes for these metals.

China’s scale allowed it to produce them at a lower cost than elsewhere, but Eurasia Group notes that Beijing’s moves will have a “limited impact on global supply given the targeted scope.”

“It is a shot across the bow intended to remind countries including the United States, Japan, and the Netherlands that China has retaliatory options and to thereby deter them from imposing further restrictions on Chinese access to high-end chips and tools,” Eurasia Group said.

What are Gallium and Germanium? China curbs exports of metals for tech (cnbc.com)

Global Inflation/Stagflation/Recession Watch.

Given our Magic Money Tree central banksters and our spendthrift politicians, inflation now needs an entire section of its own.

Run for your lives - Fed economists warn of biggest economic crash in 50 years

July 4, 2023

Investing.com - The low interest rate phase in the 2010s and countless monetary stimulus programmes led to the formation of all kinds of bubbles - that is well known. However, no one wants to know that these bubbles will burst.

Why should they? After all, the central banks are propagating a soft landing and suggesting that they can cope with any situation, no matter how difficult. There is no talk of a banking or even a financial crisis; instead, the economy is reported to be robust and there is no reason to worry.

Of course, there are also voices that claim the opposite and warn of an impending collapse. But you don't like to listen to these doomsayers, especially not if you are betting on the next all-time high. For one's own salvation, it is advantageous to follow the official, politically correct accounts.

But when two Fed economists like Ander Perez-Orive and Yannick Timmer write a paper in which they talk about the biggest wave of bankruptcies since the tightening cycles of the 1970s, then at the latest one should listen very carefully to what is being said.

The study prepared by the two economists says that current monetary policy is expected to lead to a "significant slowdown in investment and employment". The data analysed show that "when the share of troubled firms in an economy is higher, tightening shocks have a greater impact on investment and employment".

At 37 per cent, the number of US companies on the verge of insolvency is the highest it has been in 50 years.

So this Fed analysis concludes that the current monetary policy measures alone are enough to cause the biggest recession since the 1970s.

This already dicey situation is exacerbated by the fact that the economy must prepare for new supply bottlenecks in the international trade in goods. This will, of course, be accompanied by price rises that will exacerbate inflation and force central banks to raise interest rates even further.

The reason is that the US government and its allies are convinced that they can very effectively slow down China's growth by imposing export bans on its latest chip technology. However, the fact that China is in the driver's seat, because these chips would not exist without the raw materials from China, does not seem to have been thought through thoroughly enough.

China's reaction was not long in coming and hits not only the Achilles heel of the USA, but of the entire Western world.

From 1 August, China will restrict the export of rare earths such as gallium and germanium. Licences are required to export these raw materials, which are issued by the Ministry of Commerce. Those who do not have a licence are not allowed to take these basic materials (NYSE:XLB), which are urgently needed in the world, out of the country.

More

Run for your lives - Fed economists warn of biggest economic crash in 50 years (msn.com)

US manufacturing slump deepens, factory gate price pressures subdued

WASHINGTON, July 3 (Reuters) - U.S. manufacturing slumped further in June, reaching levels last seen when the nation was reeling from the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, but price pressures at the factory gate continued to deflate, a silver lining for the economy.

Shrinking activity left factories resorting to layoffs, the survey from the Institute for Supply Management (ISM) showed on Monday. ISM Manufacturing Business Survey Committee Chair Timothy Fiore described the practise as happening "to a greater extent than in prior months."

At face value, the ISM survey is consistent with an economy that is in recession. But the so-called hard data such as nonfarm payrolls, first-time applications for unemployment benefits and housing starts, suggest the economy continues to grind along.

Risks of a downturn have, however, increased as businesses and consumers deal with the 500 basis points worth of interest rate increases from the Federal Reserve since March 2022, when the U.S. central bank embarked on its fastest monetary policy tightening campaign in more than 40 years.

"This provides further reason to suspect that a recession is on the horizon," said Andrew Hunter, deputy chief U.S. economist at Capital Economics. "The ISM survey adds to the evidence that core goods prices will start falling again soon."

The ISM's manufacturing PMI dropped to 46.0 last month, the lowest reading since May 2020, from 46.9 in May. That marked the eighth straight month that the PMI stayed below the 50 threshold, which indicates contraction in manufacturing, the longest such stretch since the Great Recession.

Economists polled by Reuters had forecast the index edging up to 47. Manufacturing, which accounts for 11.1% of the economy, contracted at a 5.3% annualized rate in the first quarter, government data showed last week.

Some pockets of strength remain, however, amid solid demand for goods like transportation equipment.

The ISM survey showed that transportation equipment was the only one of the six biggest industries reporting growth last month. But even so, makers of transportation equipment expressed worries that second-quarter sales could decrease and boost inventory levels. They projected total end-of-year sales "to be about where we were last year."

More

US manufacturing slump deepens, factory gate price pressures subdued | Reuters

China's services activity softens as recovery falters - Caixin PMI

BEIJING, July 5 (Reuters) - China's services activity expanded at the slowest pace in five months in June, a private-sector survey showed on Wednesday, as weakening demand weighed on post-pandemic recovery momentum.

The Caixin/S&P Global services purchasing managers' index (PMI) eased to 53.9 in June from 57.1 in May, the lowest reading since January when COVID-19 swept through the country after authorities ditched anti-virus curbs. The 50-point mark separates expansion from contraction in activity.

The data broadly tracked the government's official PMI released last week and showed a slowdown in service sector activity as demand for in-person services weakened.

After growing at a faster-than-expected pace in the first quarter, the world's second-biggest economy lost steam in April-June amid steepening deflation, high youth unemployment and sluggish foreign demand.

More

China's services activity softens as recovery falters - Caixin PMI | Reuters

Covid-19 Corner

This section will continue until it becomes unneeded.

 

Long Covid not caused by COVID-19 immune inflammatory response, new research finds

 

4 July 2023

Long Covid, which affects nearly two-million people in the UK (1), is not caused by an immune inflammatory reaction to COVID-19, University of Bristol-led research finds. Emerging data demonstrates that immune activation may persist for months after COVID-19.

 

In this new study, published in eLife today [4 July], researchers wanted to find out whether persistent immune activation and ongoing inflammation response could be the underlying cause of long Covid.  

To investigate this, the Bristol team collected and analysed immune responses in blood samples from 63 patients hospitalised with mild, moderate or severe COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic and before vaccines were available. The team then tested patients’ immune responses at three months and again at eight and 12 months post hospital admission. Of these patients, 79% (82%, 75%, and 86% of mild, moderate, and severe patients, respectively) reported at least one ongoing symptom with breathlessness and excessive fatigue being the most common.

Dr Laura Rivino, Senior Lecturer in Bristol's School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the study’s lead author, explained: "Long Covid occurs in one out of ten COVID-19 cases, but we still don’t understand what causes it.  Several theories proposed include whether it might be triggered by an inflammatory immune response towards the virus that is still persisting in our body, sending our immune system into overdrive or the reactivation of latent viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV)."

The team found patients' immune responses at three months with severe symptoms displayed significant dysfunction in their T-cell profiles indicating that inflammation may persist for months even after they have recovered from the virus. Reassuringly, results showed that even in severe cases inflammation in these patients resolved in time. At 12 months, both the immune profiles and inflammatory levels of patients with severe disease were similar to those of mild and moderate patients.

Patients with severe COVID-19 were found to display a higher number of long Covid symptoms compared to mild and moderate patients. However, further analysis by the team revealed no direct association between long Covid symptoms and immune inflammatory responses, for the markers that were measured, in any of the patients after adjusting for age, sex and disease severity.

More

July: Immune response to COVID-19 | News and features | University of Bristol

 

Technology Update.

With events happening fast in the development of solar power and graphene, among other things, I’ve added this section. Updates as they get reported.

Explainer: How Japan plans to release Fukushima water into the ocean

TOKYO, July 4 (Reuters) - Japan is set to begin pumping out more than a million tonnes of treated water from the destroyed Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant this summer, a process that will take decades to complete.

The water was distilled after being contaminated from contact with fuel rods at the reactor, destroyed in a 2011 earthquake. Tanks on the site now hold about 1.3 million tonnes of radioactive water - enough to fill 500 Olympic-sized swimming pools. Here is how Tokyo Electric Power Company (9501.T) (Tepco) plans to deal with the water:

WATER RELEASE

Tepco has been filtering the contaminated water to remove isotopes, leaving only tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that is hard to separate from water. Tepco will dilute the water until tritium levels fall below regulatory limits before pumping it into the ocean from the coastal site.

Water containing tritium is routinely released from nuclear plants around the world, and regulatory authorities support dealing with the Fukushima water in this way.

Tritium is considered to be relatively harmless because it does not emit enough energy to penetrate human skin. But when ingested it can raise cancer risks, a Scientific American article said in 2014.

The water disposal will take decades to complete, with a rolling filtering and dilution process, alongside the planned decommissioning of the plant.

REACTION TO OCEAN RELEASE

Tepco has been engaging with fishing communities and other stakeholders and is promoting agriculture, fishery and forest products in stores and restaurants to reduce any reputational harm to produce from the area.

Fishing unions in Fukushima have urged the government for years not to release the water, arguing it would undo work to restore the damaged reputation of their fisheries.

Neighbouring countries have also expressed concern. China has been the most vocal, calling Japan's plan irresponsible, unpopular and unilateral.

Explainer: How Japan plans to release Fukushima water into the ocean | Reuters

In any great organization it is far, far safer to be wrong with the majority than to be right alone.

John Kenneth Galbraith.


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