Baltic Dry Index. 2430 -161 Brent Crude 80.03
Spot Gold 1865
Coronavirus Cases 02/04/20 World 1,000,000
Deaths 53,100
Coronavirus Cases 18/11/21 World 255,732,876
Deaths 5,138,966
I'll never tell a lie. I'll never make a misleading statement. I'll never betray the confidence that any of you had in me. And I'll never avoid a controversial issue.
President
Jimmy Carter
Faced with rising global energy costs distressing many US voters this coming winter, falling poll numbers threatening the Democrats in next year’s mid-term elections, seemingly permanent inflation and increasing comparisons to the chaotic Jimmy Carter presidency, President Joe Biden yesterday set out to nuke crude oil.
While it certainly hit the crude oil price in the immediate term, the collateral damage was taken by US and global stocks.
Did desperation/panic just set in in the District of Crooks?
Longer term, even a coordinated international oil release from the strategic oil reserve stockpiles, is unlikely to lower oil prices significantly or for very long.
Stock prices, well that’s something else again. Did President Biden, Carter like, just toss an unwanted grenade into the Great Stock Bubble?
Did the 1970s just return?
EXCLUSIVE U.S. asks Japan, China, others to consider tapping oil reserves -sources
November 18, 2021 4:08 AM GMT
WASHINGTON, Nov 17 (Reuters) - The Biden administration has asked some of the world's largest oil consuming nations - including China, India and Japan - to consider releasing crude stockpiles in a coordinated effort to lower global energy prices, according to several people familiar with the matter.
The unusual request comes as U.S. President Joe Biden fends off political pressure over rising pump prices and other consumer costs driven by a rebound in economic activity from lows plumbed early in the coronavirus pandemic.
It also reflects U.S. frustration with members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies who have rebuffed repeated requests from Washington to speed up their production increases.
"We're talking about the symbolism of the largest consumers of the world sending a message to OPEC that 'you've got to change your behavior,'" one of the sources said.
In Asia, where China said it is working on a crude release, oil prices extended declines prompted by the U.S. request, after settling on Wednesday further below seven-year highs struck in early October.
Biden and top aides have discussed the possibility of a coordinated release of stockpiled oil with close allies including Japan, South Korea and India, as well as with China, over the past several weeks, the sources said.
The US and allies have coordinated strategic petroleum reserve releases before, for example in 2011 during a war in OPEC member Libya.
But the current proposal represents an unprecedented challenge to OPEC, the cartel that has influenced oil prices for more than five decades, because it involves China, the world's biggest importer of crude.
A Japanese industry ministry official said the United States has requested Tokyo's cooperation in dealing with higher oil prices, but he could not confirm whether the request included coordinated releases of stockpiles. By law, Japan cannot use reserve releases to lower prices, the official said.
A senior cabinet official declined to comment.
China's state reserve bureau said it was working on a release of crude oil reserves although it declined to comment on the U.S. request.
A South Korean official confirmed the United States had asked Seoul to release some oil reserves.
"We are thoroughly reviewing the U.S. request, however, we do not release oil reserve because of rising oil prices. We could release oil reserve in case of supply imbalance, but not to respond to rising oil prices," the official said.
More
Stocks dip, oil slides and havens shine as growth nerves nag
November 18, 2021 2:42 AM GMT
SYDNEY, Nov 18 (Reuters) - Stock markets slipped on Thursday and safe havens such as government bonds, gold and the yen were supported in Asia, as a hint of uneasiness crept in over the outlook for interest rates and growth, particularly outside of the United States.
Oil prices skidded to a six-week low on concern about a supply overhang and the prospect of China, Japan and the United States dipping into their fuel reserves, with Brent futures last at $79.77, more than 8% off last month's three-year high.
The risk-sensitive Australian dollar also fell to a six-week trough of $0.7256.
Japan's Nikkei (.N225) was down 0.6% in early trade. MSCI's broadest index of Asian shares outside Japan (.MIAPJ0000PUS) dropped 0.5% and S&P 500 futures were flat after the index (.SPX) eased a little bit overnight.
The mood was softest in Hong Kong where concern over the earnings outlook weighed on tech stocks and an almost 5% drop in heavyweight Alibaba (9988.HK) dragged the Hang Seng (.HSI) about 1% lower.
"We do seem to have stalled somewhat as we head into the year end," said Jun Bei Liu, a portfolio manager at Tribeca Investment Partners in Sydney.
"Investors perhaps are just taking a bit of pause," she said, in the wake of a strong U.S. results season, but as inflation and China's slowdown loom as macroeconomic headwinds.
The yen, a safe-haven asset which has also lately been sensitive to oil prices, had its sharpest one-day jump against the dollar in three months on Wednesday while gold rose almost 1% and Treasuries rallied along the curve.
Gold rose a further 0.1% to $1,869 an ounce in Asia on Thursday. The yen edged up to 113.94 per dollar.
Benchmark 10-year Treasury yields were steady in Tokyo at 1.5889% after falling about 5.5 basis points overnight.
The day ahead is quiet on the calendar, with appearances from central bankers in Australia, the United States and Europe and U.S. jobless claims data the highlights.
Against the backdrop of apparent caution is a surging U.S. dollar, as U.S. data has turned surprisingly strong just as doubts have arisen over the outlook for other major economies.
On Wednesday figures showed a jump in building permits and the backlog of house construction rose to a 15-year high - underscoring strong demand on the heels of a better-than-expected retail sales report on Tuesday. read more
By contrast Europe is grappling with a fourth wave of COVID-19 cases and fresh restrictions to curb it, while the central bank is pushing back on pressure to raise rates. read more
More
https://www.reuters.com/business/global-markets-wrapup-1-2021-11-18/
In other news, this doesn’t sound good and it was written before giant rains cut off the port of Vancouver by road and rail, Canada’s biggest port.
Skyrocketing fuel costs will lead to a long, cold winter of discontent for Americans — courtesy of Biden
New York Post, November 11, 2021 By James Bovard
At a CNN town hall in July, Biden declared, “The vast majority of the experts including Wall Street are suggesting that it’s highly unlikely that it’s going to be long term inflation is going to get out of hand.” After Wednesday’s federal report showing that consumer prices are rising more than 6 percent a year, the White House is changing its talking points. On Wednesday in Baltimore, Biden confided to an audience: “Did you ever think you’d be paying this much for a gallon of gas? In some parts of California they’re paying $4.50 a gallon.”
But Biden’s newfound sympathy for victims of high prices won’t warm any homes this winter.
Natural gas prices have jumped more than 180 percent since September 2020, and that will spur increases in electricity costs. Home heating oil prices have jumped 115 percent over the past year. Fuel oil is up almost 60 percent from a year ago. The federal government forecast last month that home heating costs could rise 54 percent this winter — but heating costs could actually triple, according to some private forecasts.
Biden promised to “do everything in our power to stabilize the supply chain,” one factor in the rising prices. But regardless of the promises by White House aides, Biden has no magic wand to fix the problem. Biden’s unemployment pandemic bonuses paid people not to work, spurring labor force disruptions across the nation.
Pervasive shortages of truck drivers and other occupations assure that the current problems will multiply. The federal Energy Information Administration warned last month that diesel stockpiles — used for home heating oil and other products — are at a 20-year low. “We potentially could see shortages in parts of the country unless the Biden administration treats this as the emergency that it is,” Fox News recently reported.
Biden administration officials are insisting that the surge of inflation is “transitory.” Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen promised last week, “I expect that next year, many of the supply bottlenecks that we’re experiencing now in opening up our economy will recede.”
But the Biden infrastructure bill that Congress just enacted is expected to worsen inflation for key supplies.
Shortly before Biden was elected, America had finally achieved energy independence. But while Biden is talking tough against Vladimir Putin, US imports of Russian oil have soared this year. As the Institute for Energy Research reported last week, “Biden is asking for help from domestic producers without giving them back any of the tools he took away — the Keystone XL pipeline . . . a ban on new oil and gas leases on federal land and waters, and pressure on banks not to lend to the oil and gas industry.” At the same time that Biden is beseeching OPEC to boost oil output, “the Biden administration is sending a strong signal that American energy is not welcome,” the institute notes.
This mindset is epitomized by Saule Omarova, Biden’s nominee for comptroller of the currency, who graduated from college in the Soviet Union. Earlier this year, Omarova declared that “we want [oil and gas companies] to go bankrupt” in order “to tackle climate change.”
How many Biden appointees are willing to see Americans shivering in the cold this winter as long as they can boast of reductions in US emissions at the next international climate summit?
More
https://jimbovard.com/blog/2021/11/11/skyrocketing-fuel-costs-will-lead-to-a-winter-of-discontent/
Finally, more on Germany shooting Europe in both feet. But why did Germany do it and for whom?
Europe faces possible winter blackouts as Nord Stream 2 suspension heats up gas standoff with Russia
By David Meyer November 16, 2021 11:29 AM GMT
Germany’s energy regulator suspended its certification of the highly contentious Nord Stream 2 Russia-to-Germany natural-gas pipeline on Tuesday, a move that will add to already high geopolitical tensions between Russia and the EU. European gas futures leapt 10% on the news.
The move by the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) also came just after the commodity trader Trafigura warned of power cuts in Europe this winter, owing to limited gas flows arriving from Russia.
“We haven’t got enough gas at the moment quite frankly,” Trafigura CEO Jeremy Weir said at a Financial Times conference. “So hence there is a real concern that…if we have a cold winter…we could have rolling blackouts in Europe.”
The Bundesnetzagentur said Tuesday that it could not certify Nord Stream 2’s eponymous, Gazprom-controlled operator as it was established not in Germany, but rather in Switzerland. “Following a thorough examination of the documentation, the Bundesnetzagentur concluded that it would only be possible to certify an operator of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline if that operator was organized in a legal form under German law,” the agency said.
“Our company [is undertaking] this step to ensure compliance with applicable rules and regulations,” Nord Stream 2 AG, the Switzerland-based operating company, said in an emailed statement. “We are not in the position to comment on details of the procedure, its possible duration, and impacts on the timing of the start of the pipeline operations.”
The move came just after British Prime Minister Boris Johnson warned the EU that it would have to choose between green-lighting the pipeline and “sticking up for Ukraine”—the country that stands to lose billions in transit fees if Russia starts sending gas to Europe via Nord Stream 2, rather than via Ukrainian pipelines.
Konstantin Kosachev, chair of the foreign affairs committee of the Russian parliament’s upper house, said delaying the certification was not in Europe’s interest, particularly with cold weather on the way. According to the TASS news agency, he warned that European consumers would bear the costs.
TASS also reported a prediction from Fitch natural resources and commodities chief Dmitry Marinchenko that Nord Stream 2 will now be “most probably launched by the end of the heating season in the best case.”
More
Belarus shuts down Russian oil pipeline to EU, despite Putin's warnings
Wed, November 17, 2021, 6:47 PM
---- Thousands of migrants have been stranded in Belarus, seeking to enter Poland, as the growing tensions between the two countries have led the West to accuse Belarus of weaponizing the migrants and using them as "pawns," reports The New York Times. Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko is seeking "to punish Poland for sheltering some of his most outspoken opponents and to pressure the European Union into lifting sanctions on his country," writes the Times, and also followed through with his threats to shut down an oil pipeline transporting Russian gas through Belarus to the European Union, escalating his "hybrid attack."
The oil pipeline was shut down for "unscheduled maintenance," reports Reuters, and later Wednesday morning, a Polish deputy interior minister said he had received information that migrants were boarding buses provided by Belarus and leaving the area, reports ABC News. The shutdown came despite Russian President Vladimir Putin's warnings. If Belarus is seeking to change tactics and use oil supply as its chief pressure point rather than the border, it hasn't yet fully defused the situation with Polish police, who NBC News reports used water cannons and tear gas against migrants who threw rocks and sticks.
Belarus has denied facilitating the crisis at its border, where United Nations humanitarian aid began to arrive in recent days. On Wednesday, the camp site began "slowly emptying," said the Polish deputy interior minister. The Times reports "Belarus border guards suddenly began moving hundreds of migrants from their frozen encampment to the shelter of a nearby warehouse," though it remains unclear whether it was "a prelude to deportation, not just a humane gesture."
More
https://www.yahoo.com/news/belarus-shuts-down-russian-oil-184747073.html
Whatever starts in California unfortunately has an inclination to spread.
Jimmy
Carter.
Global Inflation/Stagflation Watch.
Given our Magic Money Tree central banksters and our spendthrift politicians, inflation now needs an entire section of its own.
U.S. homebuilding drops, construction backlog surges as shortages worsen
November 17, 2021 5:29 PM GMT
WASHINGTON, Nov 17 (Reuters) - U.S. single-family homebuilding tumbled in October while the number of houses authorized for construction but not yet started jumped to a 15-year high, underscoring the disruption to the housing market from an ongoing shortage of materials and labor.
Though the report from the Commerce Department on Wednesday showed an increase in permits for future homebuilding, the rise was concentrated in the volatile multi-family housing segment. This will do little to alleviate an acute shortage of houses on the market, which has led to record annual gains in home prices.
"Residential housing construction activity continues to flounder," said Christopher Rupkey, chief economist at FWDBONDS in New York. "There are zoning problems, higher land costs, a lack of labor, and inflation has inflated the cost of raw building materials."
Single-family housing starts, which account for the largest share of the housing market, dropped 3.9% to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.039 million units last month. The fourth-straight monthly decline pushed starts to the lowest level since August 2020. Homebuilding fell in all four regions, with large decreases in the Northeast, Midwest and West.
The densely populated South, where the bulk of homebuilding occurs, reported a 1.8% drop in single-family starts.
---- Lumber, which is used for framing, remains expensive and prices for copper, another essential material in homebuilding, are high. In addition, there were about 333,000 job openings in the construction industry as of the end of September. Some household appliances are in short supply.
Construction costs jumped a record 12.3% year-on-year in October, according to producer price data published last week.
More
Swelling energy bills propel inflation to 4.2 per cent, more than double Bank of England’s target
Wednesday 17 November 2021 7:20 am
Swelling household energy bills has propelled inflation to more than double the Bank of England’s target, underlining the severity of the cost of living crisis looming over Brits.
Inflation scaled to 4.2 per cent in October, up sharply from 3.1 per cent in the previous month, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
The last time inflation was this high was in November 2011.
The red-hot inflation print will dial up pressure on the Bank to act to hose down price rises.
The Old Lady has sat on its hands and left interest rates at a record low 0.1 per cent, despite expecting inflation to rise even higher, climbing to five per cent.
Yael Selfin, chief economist at KPMG UK, said: “Confirmation that inflation is moving further away from its 2 per cent target may seal the Bank of England’s resolve to raise rates in December.”
The hotter than expected print extends a trend of sages on Threadneedle Street undershooting their inflation bets. The Bank thought prices would rise 3.9 per cent in October.
A global energy crunch has caused gas prices to skyrocket, prompting the UK energy regulator to hike a cap on the amount energy suppliers can charge customers by 12 per cent since April, the main culprit for spiking inflation.
Gas and electricity prices climbed over 18 per cent and 28 per cent respectively.
More
Off the grid: Chinese data law adds to global shipping disruption
Wed, November 17, 2021, 1:18 PM
LONDON/HONG KONG (Reuters) - Ships in Chinese waters are disappearing from tracking systems following the introduction of a new data law in China, frustrating efforts to ease bottlenecks that are snarling the global economy, according to three shipping sources directly impacted.
China's Personal Information Protection Law, which came into effect on Nov. 1, has added to a raft of new rules designed to increase government control over how domestic and foreign organisations collect and export China's data.
Although there are no specific guidelines on shipping data in the regulations some domestic providers in China have stopped giving information to foreign companies as a direct consequence of the new rules, the sources told Reuters on Wednesday.
The data is relied upon to provide information on cargo volumes and helps optimise logistics by predicting congestion so companies can make key decisions on shipping routes.
MarineTraffic, a top global provider of ship tracking and maritime intelligence, is among those foreign companies now experiencing gaps in vital shipping location data from China, where much of the world's supply of manufactured goods and some industrial commodities come from.
"If this continues, there will be a big impact in terms of global visibility especially as we come into the busy Christmas period with supply chains already facing huge problems all over the world," said Anastassis Touros, AIS network team leader at MarineTraffic.
"All of a sudden we do not know when ships are leaving and from where, and we also don't have the full picture on port congestion which AIS offers us."
The so-called Automatic Identification System (AIS) provides the locational positions on ships. It is used by other vessels, ports, and many other organisations from banks and traders to search and rescue operations.
From Oct. 28 to Nov. 15 the level of terrestrial shipping data across all Chinese waters was estimated to have dropped 90% according to market intelligence and valuations provider VesselsValue.
More
https://www.yahoo.com/news/off-grid-chinese-data-law-131823933.html
Covid-19 Corner
This section will continue until it becomes unneeded.
Coronavirus around us: After Netherlands and Scotland, new Covid restrictions announced in Ireland
Wednesday 17 November 2021 7:10 am
Micheal Martin, Ireland’s Taoiseach, last night announced a range of fresh measures to address a worrying rise in Covid-19 cases, which has left Ireland’s health system under severe pressure heading into the winter.
Yet he also said that he could not be sure the measures will be enough to curb the spread of the virus.
The Government has agreed that pubs, nightclubs and restaurants in Ireland will have a midnight closing time from Thursday. Residents of hotels will be exempt from the new regulations.
People will also be urged to work from home from Friday, if they can. Colleges and universities will not revert to online teaching.
Martin confirmed last night that Covid-19 passes will be required for cinemas and theatres.
He also said that household close contacts should restrict their movement for five days pending completion of antigen testing.
“I know that the picture emerging across Europe and the increasing numbers over the last week in our own country are a cause of deep concern,” he said in an address to the nation. And I know that no one wants to go back to a world of widespread restrictions. That is what this evening is about.”
Later, Martin told reporters that he could not guarantee the new measures would succeed.
More
8 Dead, Dozens Infected With COVID-19 Due to Outbreak at Connecticut Nursing Home
The Canaan senior community houses only 70 residents.
By Angela Fortuna Published November 14, 2021 Updated on November 16, 2021 at 11:47 am
Eight people are dead and just shy of 100 more have become infected with COVID-19 after an outbreak at a Connecticut nursing home.
The outbreak at the Geer Village Senior Community, a nursing home and rehabilitation center in Canaan, started around the beginning of October when the nursing home was reporting three positive COVID-19 cases.
Now, eight residents have died, and 67 residents and 22 staff members caught COVID-19 sometime in the past month and a half. Nursing home officials said 48 residents and 21 staff members have recovered from the virus.
The state Department of Public Health said they're monitoring and providing on-site consultation at this facility.
---- Of the 89 total infections, 87 people were fully vaccinated, the nursing home said.
"While we must continue with Covid-19 prevention protocols, we want to assure everyone we are doing our best to keep residents and staff safe," officials said.
More
https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/coronavirus/8-dead-dozens-infected-with-covid-19-due-to-outbreak-at-connecticut-nursing-home/2652161/
No matter how old you are, two shots of Pfizer vaccine don’t last – study
People’s ages had no effect on the vaccine’s waning, meaning that the vaccine waned for everyone and not just older people.
Published: NOVEMBER 16, 2021 16:17 Updated: NOVEMBER 16, 2021 18:13
People vaccinated with two shots of the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine in January and February had a 51% increased chance of contracting the virus in July compared to those who were vaccinated in March or April, a new Israeli study published in Nature Communications has shown.
The team of researchers from KI Institute worked with doctors from KSM Research and Innovation and used data provided by Maccabi Health Services to conduct a retrospective cohort study comparing the incidence rates of breakthrough infections and COVID-19-related hospitalizations between people vaccinated toward the beginning of the country’s campaign (January and February) and those vaccinated toward the later stages (March and April). The study included more than 1.3 million records.
As noted, the risk of infection was significantly higher for people the earlier they were vaccinated, with an additional trend for high risk of hospitalization. The results, the researchers said, are consistent with other studies on the subject that show a decline in antibody levels and immune system compounds after four to six months.
Moreover, people’s ages had no effect on the vaccine’s waning, meaning that the vaccine waned for everyone and not just older people.
"The vaccine's effectiveness wanes equally for everybody, according to the study," Dr. Barak Mizrahi, a researcher in computational health for KI Institute who led the study, said.
More
Real-world data finds 3rd COVID vaccine dose greatly boosts protection
Rich Haridy November 16, 2021
New real-world data from the UK Health Security Agency has shown a third COVID-19 vaccine dose significantly boosts protection against symptomatic disease. The findings indicate a third dose will be vital in pushing back the growing wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections related to waning efficacy around six months after initial two-dose vaccination.
In mid-September the UK government started rolling out a third-dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine to those over the age of 50, and six months beyond an initial vaccination course. Using data from the National Immunisation Management System, researchers are now offering robust real-world evidence on the effectiveness of a third COVID-19 vaccine dose.
The findings indicate a huge increase in protection from symptomatic COVID-19 for over-50s around two weeks after a third dose. Overall, the new study found the third dose was 94 percent effective at preventing symptomatic disease.
A press release from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) announcing the new findings notes protection from hospitalization and death with two COVID-19 vaccine doses remains relatively high after six months. However, older adults or those with pre-existing medical conditions do show a relevant degree of waning protection several months after two vaccine doses, and a third dose can boost overall protection from severe disease relative to those relying solely on long-term protection from two doses.
“The analysis shows that, in those who received the booster, the risk of catching symptomatic COVID-19 was reduced by more than an additional 80% compared to those who had only received two doses (87.4% for those who received two doses of AstraZeneca vaccines as a primary course and 84.4% for those who received two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines as a primary course),” the statement explains.
David Spiegelhalter, from the University of Cambridge, calls the new data “encouraging.” He says the findings particularly reveal a third dose helps boost waning protection from hospitalization in the vulnerable.
“An earlier study from this team estimated that double-Pfizer jabs gave around 99.7% protection against hospitalization, but which waned to 92.7% after 20 weeks,” says Spiegelhalter. “This may not sound much, but, in terms of ‘lack of protection’, it means their vulnerability relative to being unvaccinated went from 0.3% to 7.3%, more than a 20-fold increase in risk, which gives a stronger impression of the importance of waning immunity. Fortunately, the latest data suggest the booster may rectify this.”
More
Next, some vaccine links kindly sent along from a LIR reader in Canada. The links come from a most informative update from Stanford Hospital in California.
World Health Organization - Landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
NY Times Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html
Regulatory Focus COVID-19 vaccine tracker. https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker
Some other useful Covid links.
Johns Hopkins Coronavirus resource centre
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Rt Covid-19
Centers for Disease Control Coronavirus
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
The Spectator Covid-19 data tracker (UK)
https://data.spectator.co.uk/city/national
Technology Update.
With events happening fast in the development of solar power and graphene, I’ve added this section. Updates as they get reported.
How Green Hydrogen Is Made
Burning hydrogen doesn’t create carbon-dioxide emissions. But creating hydrogen can.
Nov. 10, 2021 2:13 pm ET
Green hydrogen is the one type of the fuel that's produced using only renewable sources.
A Clean Start: Hydro, wind or solar power is used to power the production process.
Electrolysis: Water is pumped through an electrolyzer that splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Multiple Uses: Once the hydrogen is collected from the electrolyzer, it can be used to power homes, cars, planes , ships and factories.
Fossil-Fuel Sources
The types of hydrogen referred to as blue, gray and brown have different energy sources, production processes and outputs.
Natural gas is used to produce hydrogen through steam methane reforming or partial oxidation. The carbon dioxide resulting from the process is released into the atmosphere.
Coal is used to produce hydrogen through gasification. The carbon dioxide resulting from the process is released into the atmosphere.
Natural gas or coal is used to produce hydrogen through processes such as steam methane reforming, partial oxidation and coal gasification. The carbon dioxide resulting from the process is captured and stored.
More
https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-green-hydrogen-is-made-11636571627?mod=business_major_pos15
Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. People have the right to expect that these wants will be provided for by this wisdom.
Jimmy
Carter.
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