Baltic Dry Index. 2307 -50 Brent Crude 108.84
Spot Gold 1928
Coronavirus Cases 02/04/20 World 1,000,000
Deaths 53,100
Coronavirus Cases 05/04/22 World 492,846,297
Deaths 6,179,293
I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
Albert Einstein
Not much need for me to add anything today. With China’s stock casinos closed for a second day of holiday, Asian markets are mostly marking time, nervously looking at the atrocity of the new avoidable European war, plus crude oil prices rising again.
Perhaps of interest, perhaps not, a Kremlin expert on the BBC World Service said that President Putin hasn’t been seen for 11 days and that the main nightly tv news last night made no reference to President Putin. Also, Russia’s Defence Minister has only made one televised “public” appearance in the last 22 days.
Information, misinformation or disinformation? Relevant or irrelevant? Who can say?
Below, while the new European war just rages on from tragedy to tragedy, more warnings of dire times still to come.
U.S. stops Russian bond payments in bid to raise pressure on Moscow
Tue, April 5, 2022, 2:37 AM
NEW YORK/WASHINGTON (Reuters) -The United States stopped the Russian government on Monday from paying holders of its sovereign debt more than $600 million from reserves held at American banks, in a move meant to ratchet up pressure on Moscow and eat into its holdings of U.S. dollars.
Under sanctions put in place after Russia invaded Ukraine on Feb. 24, foreign currency reserves held by the Russian central bank at U.S. financial institutions were frozen.
But the Treasury Department had been allowing the Russian government to use those funds to make coupon payments on dollar-denominated sovereign debt on a case-by-case basis.
On Monday, as the largest of the payments came due, including a $552.4 million principal payment on a maturing bond, the U.S. government decided to cut off Moscow's access to the frozen funds, according to a U.S. Treasury spokesperson.
An $84 million coupon payment was also due on Monday on a 2042 sovereign dollar bond.
The move was meant to force Moscow to make the difficult decision of whether it would use dollars that it has access to for payments on its debt or for other purposes, including supporting its war effort, the spokesperson said.
Russia faces a historic default if it chooses to not do so.
"Russia must choose between draining remaining valuable dollar reserves or new revenue coming in, or default," the spokesperson said.
More
https://www.yahoo.com/news/u-cracks-down-russian-debt-013707124.html
Asia-Pacific stocks mixed as oil jumps; Reserve Bank of Australia keeps cash rate target unchanged
SINGAPORE — Shares in Asia-Pacific were mixed in Tuesday trade, while the Reserve Bank of Australia kept its cash rate target unchanged.
In Japan, the Nikkei 225 climbed 0.12% while the Topix index shed 0.29%.
South Korea’s Kospi edged 0.1% lower. Elsewhere, Australia stocks rose as the S&P/ASX 200 advanced 0.26%.
In Southeast Asia, Singapore’s Straits Times index gained 0.34%. Markets in Hong Kong and mainland China are closed on Tuesday for a holiday.
MSCI’s broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan traded around 0.2% higher.
Oil moves higher
Oil prices were higher in the afternoon of Asia trading hours on Tuesday, with international benchmark Brent crude futures up 1.27% to $108.90 per barrel. U.S. crude futures climbed 1.38% to $104.71 per barrel.
Oil prices jumped on Monday as investors braced for the prospect of more Western sanctions on Russia following allegations of civilian massacres near Ukrainian towns.
The European Union’s new sanctions on Russia are likely to include steel, luxury, jet fuel and more, sources told CNBC. The bloc, however, remains divided over whether to extend those sanctions to energy imports.
“It’s like a little dance that has been going on around energy sanctions,” Vandana Hari, founder of Vanda Insights, told CNBC’s “Street Signs Asia” on Tuesday. “The U.S. banned Russian oil imports but we know that it’s a far more difficult decision … for Europe.”
“We also have to think about what Putin might do in retaliation, so you know that’s another major headache for the European Union,” she said.
----Overnight on Wall Street, the S&P 500 climbed 0.81% to 4,582.64. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 103.61 points, or 0.3%, to 34,921.88. The tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite outperformed, surging 1.9% to 14,532.55.
World Bank says war shocks to drag on Asian economies
BANGKOK (AP) — Disruptions to supplies of commodities, financial strains and higher prices are among the impacts of the war in Ukraine that will slow economies in Asia in coming months, the World Bank says in a report released Tuesday.
The report forecasts slower growth and rising poverty in the Asia-Pacific region this year as “multiple shocks” compound troubles for people and for businesses.
Growth for the region is estimated at 5%, down from the original forecast of 5.4%. The “low case” scenario foresees growth dipping to 4%, it said. The region saw a rebound to 7.2% growth in 2021 after many economies experienced downturns with the onset of the pandemic.
The World Bank anticipates that China, the region’s largest economy, will expand at a 5% annual pace, much slower than the 8.1% growth of 2021.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has helped drive up prices for oil, gas and other commodities, eating into household purchasing power and burdening businesses and governments that already are contending with unusually high levels of debt due to the pandemic, the report said.
The development lending institution urged governments to lift restrictions on trade and services to take advantage of more opportunities for trade and to end fossil fuel subsidies to encourage adoption of more green energy technologies.
“The succession of shocks means that the growing economic pain of the people will have to face the shrinking financial capacity of their governments,” said the World Bank’s East Asia and Pacific Chief Economist Aaditya Mattoo. “A combination of fiscal, financial and trade reforms could mitigate risks, revive growth and reduce poverty.”
The report pointed to three main potential shocks for the region: the war, changing monetary policy in the U.S. and some other countries and a slowdown in China.
More
Dimon says confluence of inflation, Ukraine war may ‘dramatically increase risks ahead’ for U.S.
Published Mon, Apr 4 2022 5:30 AM EDT
Jamie Dimon, CEO and chairman of the biggest U.S. bank by assets, pointed to a potentially unprecedented combination of risks facing the country in his annual shareholder letter.
Three forces are likely to shape the world over the next several decades: a U.S. economy rebounding from the Covid pandemic; high inflation that will usher in an era of rising rates, and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resulting humanitarian crisis now underway, according to Dimon.
“Each of these three factors mentioned above is unique in its own right: The dramatic stimulus-fueled recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, the likely need for rapidly raising rates and the required reversal of QE, and the war in Ukraine and the sanctions on Russia,” Dimon wrote.
“They present completely different circumstances than what we’ve experienced in the past – and their confluence may dramatically increase the risks ahead,” he wrote. “While it is possible, and hopeful, that all of these events will have peaceful resolutions, we should prepare for the potential negative outcomes.”
Dimon’s letter, read widely in business circles because of the JPMorgan CEO’s status as his industry’s most prominent spokesman, took a more downcast tone from his missive just last year. While he wrote extensively about challenges facing the country, including economic inequality and political dysfunction, that letter broadcast his belief that the U.S. was in the midst of a boom that could “easily” run into 2023.
Now, however, the outbreak of the biggest European conflict since World War II has changed things, roiling markets, realigning alliances and restructuring global trade patterns, he wrote. That introduces both risks and opportunities for the U.S. and other democracies, according to Dimon.
“The war in Ukraine and the sanctions on Russia, at a minimum, will slow the global economy — and it could easily get worse,” Dimon wrote. That’s because of the uncertainty about how the conflict will conclude and its impact on supply chains, especially for those involving energy supplies.
Dimon added that for JPMorgan, management isn’t worried about its direct exposure to Russia, though the bank could “still lose about $1 billion over time.”
Here are excerpts from Dimon’s letter.
“We expect the fallout from the war and resulting sanctions to reduce Russia’s GDP by 12.5% by midyear (a decline worse than the 10% drop after the 1998 default). Our economists currently think that the euro area, highly dependent on Russia for oil and gas, will see GDP growth of roughly 2% in 2022, instead of the elevated 4.5% pace we had expected just six weeks ago. By contrast, they expect the U.S. economy to advance roughly 2.5% versus a previously estimated 3%. But I caution that these estimates are based upon a fairly static view of the war in Ukraine and the sanctions now in place.”
More
Goldman Sachs Sees More Overstocking Than Reshoring by U.S. Firms
4 April 2022, 12:00 BST
Two years of supply shocks have made efforts to strengthen supply chain resilience top-of-mind for manufacturers and retailers. Economists at Goldman Sachs see three main solutions for those in the U.S.: reshoring foreign production, diversifying supplier networks and overstocking inventories.
Overstocking, or targeting a permanently higher level of inventories, is the strategy that’s most clearly underway, especially in durable goods, the economists said in a recent report. Companies analyzed by Goldman Sachs are aiming for inventory-to-sales ratios roughly 5% higher than before the pandemic on average, according to the report.
Read More: Supply Lines Brace for ‘Menacing’ Economic Costs to Widen
Reshoring, on the other hand, appears limited so far. That’s partly because construction of new domestic manufacturing facilities “has mostly gone sideways,” the economists wrote. At the same time, imports of foreign parts and final goods have grown faster than domestic manufacturing output, they said, suggesting that many supply chains still depend on foreign sources for production materials.
The economists also found that companies that relied more on suppliers in countries that imposed stricter virus restrictions had weaker revenue growth in 2020. Those companies were more likely to diversify their supplier base in 2021.
“Greater supply chain resilience comes at a price, and some investors worry that these trends will add to inflationary pressures,” the Goldman Sachs economists wrote. “But the costliest of the three responses — reshoring production to the U.S. — is also the least underway, suggesting that the shifts to date are a second-tier influence on the inflation outlook relative to key macroeconomic forces like labor market overheating.”
More
Moscow warns of' symmetrical' response to Western countries' expulsion of Russian diplomats
Tue, April 5, 2022, 1:57 AM
(Reuters) - Russia will respond proportionately to the expulsion of its diplomats from a number of Western countries, Russian ex-president and deputy head of security council Dmitry Medvedev said late on Monday.
"Everyone knows the answer: it will be symmetrical and destructive for bilateral relations," Medvedev said in a posting on his Telegram channel.
"Who have they punished? First of all, themselves."
On Monday, France said it would expel 35 Russian diplomats over Moscow's actions in Ukraine and Germany declared "significant number" of Russian diplomats as undesirable,.
"If this continues, it will be fitting, as I wrote back on 26th February - to slam shut the door on Western embassies," Medvedev said. "It will be cheaper for everyone. And then we will end up just looking at each other in no other way than through gunsights."
https://www.yahoo.com/news/moscow-warns-symmetrical-response-western-005737961.html
If we don't end war, war will end us.
H. G. Wells.
Global Inflation/Stagflation Watch.
Given our Magic Money Tree central banksters and our spendthrift politicians, inflation now needs an entire section of its own.
Late frost ices over French vineyards, threatens fruit crops
French vintners are lighting candles to thaw their grapevines to save them from a late frost following a mild winter
4 April 2022, 13:03
CHABLIS, France -- French vintners are lighting candles to thaw their grapevines to save them from a late frost following a winter warm spell, a temperature swing that is threatening fruit crops in multiple countries.
Ice-coated vines stretched across hillsides around Chablis as the Burgundy region woke Monday to temperatures of minus 5 C (23 F). Fruit growers are worried that the frost will kill off large numbers of early buds, which appeared in March as temperatures rose above 20 C (68 F), and disrupt the whole growing season.
The frost is particularly frustrating after a similar phenomenon hit French vineyards last year, leading to some 2 billion euros ($2.4 billion) in losses. Scientists later found that the damaging 2021 frost was made more likely by climate change.
Before dawn Monday, row upon row of candles flickered beneath the frosty vines in Chablis. As the sun rose, it illuminated the ice crystals gripping the vines.
Some vintners tried to warm the vines with electrical lines, or sprayed the buds with water to protect them from frost. The water creates a thin layer of ice that ensures the blossom’s temperature remains around freezing point but does not dip much lower.
Chablis vintner Daniel Defaix, whose vineyard has been producing wine for 400 years and lived through a multitude of climate disasters, calls what’s happening now “a very, very serious frost.”
He noted temperatures are dropping a few degrees lower than last year, down to minus 7 C in places, and have reached warmer hilltop plots as well as those in the cooler valleys.
He placed paraffin candles on the soil or set up special irrigation systems to protect about five hectares of his most valuable grand cru and premier cru grapes, but had to leave the remaining 25 hectares to face the forces of nature.
At a cost of 10 euros per candle — and 600 candles per hectare — it was too costly to invest in saving the rest of the grapes.
---In neighboring Switzerland, fruit growers scrambled Sunday to protect their crops, rolling out heaters and pellet stoves at night and around dawn, or turning on overhead irrigation systems, said Beatrice Ruettimann, a spokeswoman for Swiss Fruit, a union of fruit producers. Some unfurled plastic sheeting to shield their trees.
Temperatures fell below freezing in most fruit-growing regions in Switzerland, she said. Northwestern Switzerland bore the brunt of the cold snap, which was most critical for stone fruit — like cherries, apricots and plums — because they’re in bloom and “therefore in a delicate stage,” she said. A few early varieties of apple including Gravensteiner and Williams were also affected.
In the Betuwe fruit-growing region of the Netherlands, farmers sprayed their trees with water Saturday night and into the early hours of Sunday morning to ensure a layer of ice protected fragile blossoms from the sub-zero temperatures.
Last year's April frost led to what French government officials described as “probably the greatest agricultural catastrophe of the beginning of the 21st century.” The pattern was similar: an intense April 6-8 frost after a lengthy warm period in March.
More
German consumers to be hit by further price hikes in supermarkets
German retailers have warned of yet another series of price rises in supermarkets across the country.
Published: 1 April 2022 10:44 CEST
According to the German Retail Association (HDE), consumers should prepare for another wave of price hikes for everyday goods and groceries.
Even before the outbreak of war in Ukraine, prices had risen by about five per cent “across the product range” as a result of increased energy prices, HDE President Josef Sanktjohanser told the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung on Friday.
With Russia’s invasion hitting economies and the supply chain harder, yet another series of price increases is on the horizon.
“The second wave of price increases is coming, and it will certainly be in double figures,” Sanktjohanser warned.
According to the president of the trade association, the first retail chains have already started to raise their prices in Germany – and the rest are likely to follow.
“We will soon be able to see the impact of the war reflected in price labels across all the supermarkets,” said Sanktjohanser.
Recently, popular retail chains such as Aldi, Edeka and Globus announced that they would be forced to raise their prices.
At Aldi, meat and butter will be “significantly more expensive” from Monday due to price hikes from its suppliers.
“Since the start of the Ukraine war, there have been jumps in purchase prices that we have not experienced before,” a spokesperson for Aldi Nord announced on Friday.
A fortnight ago, Aldi raised the prices of about 160 items, and a week later 20 more items became more expensive. Other supermarket brands quickly followed suit.
According to a recently published survey by the Ifo Institute, almost all companies in Germany’s food retail sector are planning price increases.
No food shortages on the horizon
Though price increases are a worry for Germany’s hard-hit consumers, industry experts don’t expect there to be a lack of products on the shelves anytime soon.
According to Joachim Rukwied, president of the farming association, the food supply in Germany is assured for at least another year – though after this the forecasts are less certain.
With rumours of shortages swirling around, however, supermarket owners have been complaining of the sort of panic-buying not seen since the first months of pandemic.
More
https://www.thelocal.de/20220401/german-consumers-to-be-hit-by-further-price-hikes-in-supermarkets/
IOWA FARMLAND PRICES CONTINUE TO SET RECORD HIGHS, UP
14% IN PAST SIX MONTHS
Apr. 1, 2022 By Mike Walsten, AgWeb.com
The value of an average acre of Iowa cropland
rocketed an astonishing 14.1% higher in the six-month period ending March 1.
That's according to the semi-annual survey conducted by the Iowa Chapter of the
Realtors Land Institute.
"Adding that six-month rise with the 18.9% gain
posted from March 1, 2021, to September results in an annual increase of nearly
33%," says Elliot Siefert, Hertz Real Estate Services, Nevada, Iowa, and
co-chair of the survey.
Leading gains is the 19.4% burst posted in the
southwest crop reporting district. That is followed by a 16.3% increase in the
west central district and a 16.1% in the northwest district. The smallest
six-month gain was 10.2% marked by the east central district.
On an annual basis, the southwest district is still
the leader with a 39.1% explosion. That's followed by a 35% surge in the
northeast district and 33% gains in the both the central and north central
districts. The southeast district notched the lowest annual increase at 30.8%
followed by a 31.1% gain in the south central district.
To view the complete report, click here.
https://www.agrimarketing.com/s/140410
What to Know About the Bird Flu Outbreak
Sun, April 3, 2022, 3:20 PM
From Wyoming to Maine, an outbreak of the highly contagious bird flu has swept across farms and backyard flocks in the United States this year, prompting millions of chickens and turkeys to be culled.
Iowa has been particularly hard-hit, with disasters being declared in some counties and the state canceling live bird exhibits in an order that may affect its famed state fair.
Here is what we know about the bird flu.
---- Better known as the bird flu, avian influenza is a highly contagious and deadly virus that can prey on chickens, turkeys and wild birds, including ducks and geese. It spreads via nasal secretions, saliva and fecal droppings, which experts say makes it difficult to contain.
Symptoms of the virus include a sudden increase in the mortality of a flock, a drop in egg production and diminished consumption of feed and water.
Can I expect to pay more for poultry products?
Egg prices soared when an outbreak ravaged the United States in 2014 and 2015. Recently, the average price of premium large white eggs has been “trending sharply higher,” according to a March 25 national retail report released by the USDA. If infections course through more flocks, experts said, there could be some shortages of eggs. Prices for white and dark chicken meat were also rising, according to the USDA. Experts warned that turkey prices could also become more volatile.
Outbreaks have been detected in more than a dozen states.
As of March 31, the highly pathogenic form of the avian flu had been detected in 19 states, a tracking page maintained by the USDA showed.
The combined number of birds in the infected flocks — the commercial and backyard type — totaled more than 17 million, according to the agency. A spokesperson for the USDA confirmed that those birds would be required to be euthanized to prevent the spread of the virus.
More
https://www.yahoo.com/news/know-bird-flu-outbreak-142009996.html
Below, why a “green energy” economy may not be possible, and if it is, it won’t be quick and it will be very inflationary, setting off a new long-term commodity Supercycle. Probably the largest seen so far.
The “New Energy Economy”: An Exercise in Magical Thinking
https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/R-0319-MM.pdf
Mines, Minerals, and "Green" Energy: A Reality Check
https://www.manhattan-institute.org/mines-minerals-and-green-energy-reality-check
"An Environmental Disaster": An EV Battery Metals Crunch Is On The Horizon As The Industry Races To Recycle
by Tyler Durden Monday, Aug 02, 2021 - 08:40 PM
“There is nothing new in Wall Street. There can’t be because speculation is as old as the hills. Whatever happens in the stock market today has happened before and will happen again.”
Jesse Livermore.
Covid-19 Corner
This section will continue until it becomes unneeded.
New study shows COVID-19 can cause brain inflammation and small bleeds
Rich Haridy April 03, 2022
A new study published in Nature Communications has offered the most comprehensive investigation to date into the effects of COVID-19 on the brain using nonhuman primates. The study found SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of disease severity, can lead to neuroinflammation and small bleeds which may account for many of the neurological symptoms reported by patients.
The study was led by Tracey Fischer from the Tulane National Primate Research Center. Recognizing the potential future need to develop nonhuman primate models for COVID-19 Fischer’s research began early in pandemic.
The team’s initial work revealed SARS-CoV-2 infections caused microhemorrhages in the brain. These preliminary findings came so early in the pandemic that experts not affiliated with the work were skeptical. At that point those neurological symptoms had not yet been detected in human patients.
“You see the pathology, and it’s so distinct and so profound,” Fischer said. “I’ve been looking at the central nervous system for decades, so long that you know when something doesn’t appear normal and appears to be in line with the infection.”
Fischer and her team spent an additional year validating those initial findings, as other researchers began to find evidence of similar neurological symptoms in humans. Control animals were studied and research protocols were refined in order to affirm those initially detected brain changes were directly linked to the coronavirus infection.
Alongside the small bleeds, the researchers found severe widespread brain inflammation and neuron damage. Fischer said the neurological damage was not linked to the severity of respiratory disease. This means many animals displayed only mild COVID-19 symptoms yet still experienced neurological damage.
The new study also offers valuable insight into the ongoing debate over whether the neurological impact of COVID-19 is due to broader effects of systemic inflammation or the virus directly infecting the brain. Although the researchers did detect small traces of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in several parts of the brain, the majority of the damage was hypothesized as likely due to intermittent, localized hypoxia.
More
NHS adds NINE new Covid-19 symptoms to its official list as free testing ends
The NHS has updated it's list of Covid symptoms as new variants of the virus pop up across the country
08:14, 4 APR 2022 Updated 08:35, 4 APR 2022
As universal testing ended throughout the weekend, the NHS has updated its list of official Covid symptoms.
The health service quietly extended the list of official symptoms on Friday afternoon after it remained unchanged for the two years the pandemic had spread throughout the country. Previously, only three symptoms were listed on the NHS website: a high temperature, a new, continuous cough and a loss or change to smell and taste.
These symptoms were first posted at the start of the pandemic and had remained unchanged until now. But with new variants continuing to pop up all over the world, the list has now been updated with nine extra symptoms listed, the Mirror reports.
Read more: New Omicron Covid variant XE found in the UK, experts confirm
The new list of symptoms still include the previous three, but now also includes:
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling tired or exhausted
- An aching body
- A headache
- A sore throat
- A blocked or runny nose
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhoea
- Feeling sick or being sick
The new list greatly expands on the former three symptoms after people have reported new symptoms throughout the past few months which often did not include ones listed on the NHS website. After listing the symptoms, the NHS website highlights: “The symptoms are very similar to symptoms of other illnesses, such as colds and flu.”
While people who experienced any of the symptoms listed on the NHS website, "even if mild", they were advised to get tested as soon as possible. But, new government guidance is now advising people with symptoms to simply stay at home and avoid contact with other people.
Next, some vaccine links kindly sent along from a LIR reader in Canada.
NY Times Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html
Regulatory Focus COVID-19 vaccine tracker. https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker
Some other useful Covid links.
Johns Hopkins Coronavirus resource centre
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Rt Covid-19
Centers for Disease Control Coronavirus
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
The Spectator Covid-19 data tracker (UK)
https://data.spectator.co.uk/city/national
Technology Update.
With events happening fast in the development of solar power and graphene, I’ve added this section. Updates as they get reported.
Programmed assembly of wafer-scale atomically thin crystals
Date: March 30, 2022
Source: Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH)
Summary: A research team develops an assembly method for atomically thin crystals at the wafer-scale.
A POSTECH research team led by Professor Cheol-Joo Kim and Ph.D. candidates Seong-Jun Yang and Ju-Hyun Jung (Department of Chemical Engineering) in collaboration with Dr. Chang Cuk Hwang and Dr. Eunsook Lee (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory) and Professor Pinshane Y. Huang and Ph.D. candidate Edmund Han (University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne) has developed a technology for assembling wafer-scale films at the atomic level. Recently published as the front cover paper of Nano Letters, the findings are a result of precisely designing the structure of materials at the atomic level.
Crystal films composed of atoms offer varying physical properties based on the modulation of their thickness or atomic structures. Varying the stacking configuration of these thin films -- layer-by-layer or twisted -- produces different physical properties. However, studies conducted so far have only enabled assembly of atomically thin crystals at a very small-scale because assembling large wafer-sized thin films easily contaminates their interfaces, hindering the emergence of new properties.
To overcome this, the researchers proposed a programmed crystal assembly of graphene and monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), assisted by van der Waals interactions. This new technique produces wafer-scale films of nearly 100% pristine interfaces.
Applying this new method enables large-scale production of wafer-size artificial crystalline films which have been difficult to use as actual devices due to their small size. This technology shows promise to help develop new materials that emit light or conduct electricity since it can program the structure of a material at the atomic level.
"The atomic-level assembly method has been limited to very small sizes, limiting the discovery of properties and technology development to mere verification at the single-device level," remarked Professor Cheol-Joo Kim who led the study. He added, "The findings from this study have demonstrated the atomic-level precision assembly of single-crystalline materials at the wafer-scale for the first time, which will be applicable to the development of nanodevices in the future."
This study was conducted with the support from the Young Researcher Program and the Creative Materials Discovery Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea.
I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all moonshine. It is only those who have neither fired a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for blood, for vengeance, for desolation. War is hell.
William Tecumseh Sherman.
No comments:
Post a Comment