Monday, 23 March 2026

War Week 4, Day 24. From Bad To Very Much Worse.

Baltic Dry Index. 2056 -01      Brent Crude 112.78

Spot Gold  4360                           Spot Silver 65.90

US 2 Year Yield 3.88 +0.09

US Federal Debt. 39.023 trillion

US GDP 31.260 trillion.

It is easy to be conspicuously 'compassionate' if others are being forced to pay the cost.

Murray Rothbard

Little need for my input today, the articles and the experts quoted speak loudly for themselves.

Unless Caesar Trump halts his insane war today, very bad things will begin happening in the global economy from this week.

But Caesar is doubling down on extending his war, possibly putting US Marines onto Iran’s Strait of Hormuz islands later this week!

How far off an international economic collapse is, is anyone’s guess, but bad is about to get far worse. An industrial commodities collapse looms.

South Korea’s Kospi and Japan’s Nikkei tumble more than 5% as Trump-Iran threats escalate

Published Sun, Mar 22 2026 8:05 PM EDT

Asia-Pacific markets sold off sharply on Monday, with major indexes in Japan and South Korea falling more than 5%, as investors fled risk assets amid escalating conflict in the Middle East that has entered its fourth week.

President Donald Trump said on Saturday that he would “obliterate” Iran’s power plants if Tehran failed to fully reopen the Strait of Hormuz — a vital artery for global energy flows — within 48 hours

Iran pushed back, threatening to target energy infrastructure and desalination facilities in the Gulf if the U.S. carries out its ultimatum.

Iran’s Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf said Saturday that attacks on the country’s power plants would “immediately” be met with retaliatory strikes on energy and oil infrastructure across the region.

“Critical infrastructure and energy and oil infrastructure throughout the region will be considered legitimate targets and irreversibly destroyed, and oil prices will rise for a long time,” Ghalibaf said on X.

On Sunday, Ghalibaf extended the threat to holders of U.S. Treasurys, warning financial entities that purchase American government bonds and “finance the U.S. military budget” would be considered legitimate targets, alongside military bases.

Crude prices whipsawed in volatile trading on Monday. Brent crude reversed earlier losses to gain 0.65% to $112.68 per barrel as of 10:57 p.m. EST. The U.S. West Texas Intermediate was up 0.8% at $99 per barrel.

Goldman Sachs has sharply raised its oil price forecasts, expecting Brent to average $110 in March-April, up from $98 previously, and WTI to average $98 in March and $105 in April.

“We now assume that Hormuz flows remain at only 5% of normal levels for a longer 6-week period before a gradual 1-month recovery,” the Wall Street bank said, noting that prices are likely to trend higher over that period until investors gain confidence that a prolonged disruption can be ruled out.

The spread between Brent and WTI exceeded $14 a barrel, the steepest price difference between the benchmarks for U.S. and international crude oil in years.

That widening gap may indicate a “peak intensity of this oil crisis,” Chris Verrone, chief market strategist at Strategas Research, told CNBC’s “Squawk Box Asia” Monday. Elevated Brent crude prices will likely prompt traders to price in a longer-lasting conflict, he added.

Japan’s Nikkei 225 declined nearly 5%, widening losses from the earlier session, while the broad-based Topix dropped 4.4%.

South Korea’s blue-chip Kospi plunged more than 6%, and the small-cap Kosdaq fell nearly 5%. The Korean exchange briefly suspended trading after the Kospi 200 futures index fell by over 5%.

Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 declined 2.4%. Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index and the mainland CSI 300 dropped nearly 2% on the open.

Overnight in the U.S., stock futures were little changed. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was flat and the S&P 500 shed 0.1% while the Nasdaq Composite futures pulled back by 0.2%.

The three major indices ended last week lower, with the S&P 500 declining by more than 1.5% and falling below its 200-day moving average for the first time since May. The Dow, which saw its first four-week losing streak since 2023, and the Nasdaq each fell around 2% for the week.

Asia markets live updates today: March 23

Global LNG supply bracing for a jolt as supply from West Asia may come to an end in 10 days: Report

23 March 2026

A global energy crunch is fast approaching, with countries bracing for a sharp drop in liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies as shipments from the Gulf near a halt within the next 10 days, according to a report by the Financial Times.

The report said only a handful of final cargoes are still en route after exports from Qatar, which accounts for roughly a fifth of global LNG supply, were disrupted following Iran’s blockade of the Strait of Hormuz and missile strikes on the Ras Laffan processing hub.

Many shipments that had already departed before the conflict are still reaching buyers, delaying the full impact. But once these deliveries are exhausted, import-dependent economies are expected to face immediate shortages and sharply higher prices, the Financial Times reported.

Supply shock already hitting markets

The disruption has already pushed LNG prices significantly higher. According to the Financial Times, Asian benchmark prices have doubled since the conflict began, reaching around $23 per million British thermal units (MMBtu).

Higher shipping costs, driven by longer routes and elevated charter rates, are compounding the pressure on buyers, the report added.

Pakistan among the worst affected

Pakistan is emerging as one of the most vulnerable economies, the Financial Times reported. Nearly 99% of its LNG imports came from Qatar last year, and its last shipments arrived in the early days of the conflict.

Its two LNG terminals have scaled down operations and are expected to stop gas dispatch entirely by the end of the month.

“After that we’ll run dry,” Iqbal Ahmed, chair and chief executive of Pakistan GasPort, told the FT. “We do not know when the next cargo will come in.”

Efforts to secure alternative supplies have so far failed, with offers from Europe, the US, Oman and other regions proving too expensive, according to the report.

Asia braces for shortages

Other Asian economies are also under strain. Bangladesh has introduced gas-rationing measures, including shutting universities, while Taiwan has moved to secure replacement cargoes to avoid immediate disruption.

Even so, risks remain. Kevin Li from the Atlantic Council’s Global Energy Center warned of “severe energy shortages” if the Strait of Hormuz remains closed, according to the Financial Times.

Japan and China are expected to turn to spot markets and alternative fuels such as coal, though buyers are proceeding cautiously.

“Our plan is to buy in the spot market from JKM to cover supplies,” one Japanese LNG trader told the Financial Times.

Long-term damage to the supply

Even if shipping through the Strait of Hormuz resumes, supply constraints are likely to persist due to damage to Qatar’s Ras Laffan facility.

Qatar’s energy minister Saad Al-Kaabi said around 17% of the country’s LNG capacity could remain offline for three to five years.

“This means that we will be compelled to declare force majeure for up to five years on some long-term LNG contracts,” Al-Kaabi said, as quoted by the Financial Times.

A widening global energy risk

With nearly 90% of Gulf LNG exports typically heading to Asia, the disruption is exposing vulnerabilities across global energy supply chains, as per the report.

Global LNG supply bracing for a jolt as supply from West Asia may come to an end in 10 days: Report

Iran US war live updates: Blasts cause fire near Tehran; IEA chief says 40 energy assets 'severely damaged'

23 March 2026

Columns of fire and smoke reportedly rose over the city of Karaj, west of Tehran in Iran, following an air strike, Al Jazeera reported.

More than an hour after reports of explosions in Tehran, a thick plume of black smoke could still be seen billowing from a single point in the eastern part of the Iranian capital, AFP reported.

US President Donald Trump wrote on his Truth Social website early Monday: “PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH, TO PUT IT MILDLY!!!”

The top commander of the US military’s Central Command said the campaign against Iran is “ahead or on plan," as the Israeli military began what it called "a wide-scale wave of strikes targeting Iranian terror regime infrastructure” early Monday.

US Navy Admiral Brad Cooper gave his first one-on-one interview of the war to the Farsi-language satellite network Iran International, which aired it early Monday. Iranian media reported new airstrikes targeting Tehran without identifying the sites being hit.

Indonesia is eyeing up to 80 trillion rupiah ($4.7 billion) in savings to cushion its economy from the fallout of the war in the Middle East, according to the government.

Southeast Asia's largest economy is also mulling fuel-saving measures, including one day of remote work per week for government and certain public-sector workers, as US-Israeli strikes on Iran and Tehran's retaliatory response in the Gulf have sent global oil prices soaring.

UAE airlines are running a limited flight schedule to key destinations as weather disruptions and regional conditions continue to affect operations. Passengers are advised to check flight status before travelling, follow official airline updates, and only go to airports with confirmed bookings.

Adverse weather is expected to impact flights over the coming days. Airlines, including flydubai and Air Arabia, recommend allowing extra time for journeys, keeping contact details up to date, and using online booking tools to rebook or request refunds to ensure a safe and smooth travel experience.

Iran's media has confirmed one dead in an attack on a radio broadcaster in the coastal region, AFP reported.

Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia has accused US President Donald Trump of “sending our sons and daughters to war” because he is still unable to accept that he lost the 2020 election.

----The Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) said that its emergency personnel are at the site of a residential area that was destroyed in an air attack in northwestern Urmia, near Iran's borders with Turkey and Iraq.

IRCS said relief workers were providing aid to “injured compatriots”. It was not immediately clear how many people were wounded.

The Fars news agency is now reporting that at least one child was killed in the strike on the residential building in the city of Khorramabad, located west of Tehran.

According to Fars, several people were wounded.

The Indian rupee fell to a record low on Monday as an escalating Middle East conflict stoked concerns about sustained disruption to energy supplies, threatening the outlook for Asia's third-largest economy.

The rupee fell to 93.84 against the US dollar, eclipsing its previous low of 93.7350 hit on Friday.

Asian currencies were down between 0.1% to 0.8% as hopes for an off-ramp to hostilities dimmed over the weekend, with Washington and Tehran trading threats as the war entered its fourth week.

Australia and Singapore will ramp up coordination to ensure uninterrupted trade in key energy supplies, including diesel and liquefied natural gas, and bolster supply chain resilience, the leaders of both countries said in a joint statement on Monday.

"We are committed to working together to strengthen energy supply chain resilience, including by deepening regional cooperation, accelerating renewable energy transition, addressing unjustified import and export restrictions, and maintaining open trade flows," the statement said.

Major Asian stock markets fell sharply on Monday after the US and Iran threatened to intensify hostilities as the war entered its fourth week.

Japan's Nikkei 225 was down by 4.8% in early trading, while the Kospi in South Korea was more than 5.5% lower.

----IEA chief Fatih Birol has revealed that at least 40 energy assets have been everely' damaged in the Mideast war so far.

More

Iran US war live updates: Blasts cause fire near Tehran; IEA chief says 40 energy assets 'severely damaged'

Middle East crisis live: IEA chief says Iran war energy crunch worse than 1970s oil crises and Ukraine war combined

Fatih Birol says world is losing 11m barrels of oil per day, more than the 1973 and 1979 energy shocks combined; IRGC threatens to completely close strait of Hormuz if Trump acts on infrastructure threats

Mon 23 Mar 2026 04.52 GMT

50m ago04.18 GMT

IEA will release more stockpiled oil if needed, chief says

The International Energy Agency is consulting with governments in Asia and Europe on the release of more stockpiled oil “if necessary” due to the Iran war, its executive director has said.

“If it is necessary, of course, we will do it,” Fatih Birol said on Monday. “We look at the conditions, we will analyse, assess the markets and discuss with our member countries.”

IEA member nations agreed on 11 March to release a record 400m barrels of oil from strategic stockpiles to combat the spike in global crude prices. The drawdown represented 20% of overall stocks.

There would not be a specific crude price level to trigger another release, Birol said in an address to Australia’s national press club in the capital of Canberra, Reuters reports.

He said:

A stock release will help to comfort the markets, but this is not the solution. It will only help to reduce the pain in the economy.

Birol is beginning a world tour in Canberra because the Asia Pacific is at the forefront of the oil crisis, he says, given its reliance on oil and other crucial products such as fertiliser and helium transiting the strait of Hormuz.

After meeting Australian prime minister Anthony Albanese, Birol is to travel to Japan this week before a Group of Seven meeting.

More

Middle East crisis live: IEA chief says Iran war energy crunch worse than 1970s oil crises and Ukraine war combined

Even the best-case scenario for energy markets is disastrous

Whatever happens, high prices will outlive the Iran war 

Mar 22nd 2026

The third Gulf war is now in its fourth week. Every day that Iranian strikes on ships keep the Strait of Hormuz shut, around a fifth of the world’s output of oil and liquefied natural gas (lng) remains stranded. Every day, therefore, traders update how much supply is lost for the year. As their estimates rise, so do energy prices. Brent crude, at $112 a barrel, is 54% dearer than before hostilities began. Gas prices in Europe are up by 85%.

More, subscription required.

Even the best-case scenario for energy markets is disastrous

In other news.

Diesel prices in Germany surge to near record high

March 21, 2026

The price of diesel in Germany has risen by more than 12 cents in the space of two days amid the war in the Middle East, according to data from the ADAC motoring association.

On Friday, the nationwide daily average price for a litre of diesel stood at €2.291 ($2.655), according to ADAC data.

That is just 3 cents less than the all-time high recorded four years ago, after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine.

The price of E10 premium petrol also continued to rise, with a litre costing €2.086 on Friday, up 4.2 cents compared to on Wednesday.

On Friday, a litre of diesel was 54.5 cents more expensive than on the day before the US and Israel launched the war against Iran, and a litre of petrol was 30.8 cents more expensive.

The increase has been driven by higher crude oil prices linked to the war, though there has also been criticism of oil companies for raising prices disproportionately relative to oil costs.

The first prices on Saturday pointed to a slight further rise in diesel and relatively stable prices for E10. However, recent volatility makes short-term forecasts highly uncertain.

Diesel prices in Germany surge to near record high

Work from home, drive slower and don’t use gas cookers: IEA advice on weathering the global energy crisis

Published Fri, Mar 20 2026 8:00 AM EDT

Supply measures alone won’t be enough to mitigate “the largest supply disruption in the history of the global oil market” amid an escalating conflict in the Middle East, the International Energy Agency warned on Friday.

Instead of waiting for disrupted production to recover, lowering demand could ease pressure on consumers and help bring prices down more quickly.

Minimizing road and air transport, working from home where possible, and switching to electric cooking could significantly help cushion the shock for consumers, the agency said.

Heightened geopolitical risk has rattled traders, sending not only crude prices higher but also sharply increasing costs for refined products such as diesel and jet fuel, which directly impact transportation, logistics and consumer prices.

Oil prices have surged more than 40% since the start of the U.S.-Iran war on Feb. 28, reaching their highest levels since 2022 as supply has been severely disrupted, mostly due to the effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz. 

The strait is a narrow maritime corridor off Iran’s coast that connects the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman and normally carries about a fifth of global oil consumption. 

Countries have already begun tapping strategic petroleum reserves, with hundreds of millions of barrels slated for release. 

The IEA last week agreed to release 400 million barrels of oil to address the supply disruption triggered by the Iran war — the largest such action in the organization’s history — without providing a timeline for when the stocks would enter the market. 

Lowering oil demand

While policymakers continue to manage supply disruptions, coordinated efforts to reduce consumption could provide the fastest relief. 

“Addressing demand is a critical and immediate tool to reduce pressure [on] consumers by improving affordability and supporting energy security,” the IAE said Friday, as it laid out a range of measures that can be taken by households and businesses to lower demand.

Among the most impactful steps are encouraging remote work where possible, increasing carpooling and public transit use, and cutting back on non-essential air travel.

Measures focus primarily on road transport, which accounts for around 45% of global oil demand.

Working from home where possible reduces fuel demand for commuting, while lowering speed limits, shifting from private cars to public transport, and alternating private vehicle access in cities, could further reduce congestion and fuel consumption, the agency said. 

Measures to shift liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) use away from transport and towards essential applications like cooking can also help keep prices lower, as can adopting alternative clean cooking solutions that reduce reliance on LPG.

More

How to weather the global energy crisis: IEA

Global Inflation/Stagflation/Recession Watch.

Given our Magic Money Tree central banksters and our spendthrift politicians.

West Asia conflict may trigger global inflation shock if disruptions spread; India relatively insulated: SBI Research

The report cautioned that escalating geopolitical tensions could create ripple effects across energy markets, trade and financial systems globally

Updated - March 21, 2026 at 03:18 PM.

A widening conflict in the West Asia could trigger a fresh wave of global inflation if it spreads across supply chains, asset classes and jurisdictions, though India may remain relatively insulated compared with many economies, according to a report by SBI Research.

The report cautioned that escalating geopolitical tensions could create ripple effects across energy markets, trade and financial systems globally. "Should the raging conflict in West Asia proliferate asymmetrically across jurisdictions, asset classes and supply chains, the cumulative shock could trigger a new wave of inflation globally: India still a notable exception," the report said.

The report added that while the immediate economic impact may be limited, disruptions to trade routes, supply chains and business sentiment could have broader implications for the global economy. "The immediate inflationary impact of widening conflict in the West Asia is likely to be limited. But potential trade and supply chain disruptions, weakening business sentiment and elevated uncertainty could have major consequences for the global economy," it said.

For India, the report noted that the key channels of impact could be remittances from Gulf countries and crude oil imports.

"The impact on India's economy may be a short-term impact on remittances and crude oil imports," the report said.India receives a significant share of its overseas remittances from the Gulf region, making oil price dynamics an important factor.

"India's personal remittances increased 15 per cent to $138 billion in FY25... GCC countries account for around 38 per cent of the total remittances that India receives," the report noted. Energy security is another critical aspect, as India remains heavily dependent on imported crude.

"India imports nearly 90 per cent of its crude oil requirements," the report said, adding that a significant portion of global oil trade passes through the Strait of Hormuz, a key energy transit route. At the same time, the report highlighted that India has taken steps to diversify its crude sourcing in recent years.

"India... has strategically shifted to import oil from more than 40 countries, more from Russia since 2022," it said, which helps reduce supply risks.

The report also warned that higher oil prices could have broader macroeconomic consequences if the conflict prolongs. It is estimated that "for every ~$10 per barrel increase in crude oil prices may widen the CAD by 36 basis points and lead to a 35-40 basis point rise in inflation."

Overall, the report suggested that while global markets could face renewed inflationary pressures if geopolitical tensions escalate further, India's diversified energy sourcing and policy responses may help cushion the impact compared with many other economies.

West Asia conflict may trigger global inflation shock if disruptions spread; India relatively insulated: SBI Research - The HinduBusinessLine

Recession is guaranteed if crude oil hits this price... and Wall Street warns it is alarmingly close

Published: 05:08, 21 March 2026 | Updated: 05:09, 21 March 2026

America’s economy is holding up well despite surging oil prices - for now - but alarm bells are ringing on Wall Street.

Iran has closed off a key oil export route, disrupting global crude supplies and making everything from gasoline to airline tickets much, much more expensive.

survey published this week found that many experts see the war’s impact on the economy as limited as long as oil prices don’t stay too high for too long.

The Wall Street Journal polled economists to see how high oil prices would have to rise - and how long they'd have to stay elevated - to push the US economy towards recession.

They said that oil would have to stay around $138 a barrel for about three months to push the US economy towards a recession.

So far, the Iran war has lasted almost three weeks and US oil prices have been hovering around $95 - compared to an average price of $65 in February.

‘I think that if oil were to hold above $100 for the next three months, we’d likely see very challenging economic conditions in the US,’ Tim Rezvan, managing director oil & gas equity research at KeyBanc Capital Markets, told the Daily Mail.

Rezvan emphasized that even if the war were to end in a week, the lasting economic damage from higher oil prices could pose long-term challenges for the US economy

The Wall Street Journal asked 50 economists for their estimates on recession and oil prices on March 16-18.

Their answers ranged from four weeks to 55 weeks - or an average estimate of 14 weeks - that oil prices would have to stay elevated to bump the US towards recession.

When asked how high oil prices would need to go to lift the probability of a US recession, responses ranged from $90 a barrel to $200 - with an average estimate of $138.

According to oil market expert Dan Doyle, founder of Reliance Well Services and Arena Resources, domestic US oil production will not save us.

‘The longer the war goes on, the greater the recessionary risk,” Doyle told the Daily Mail’

Economist Robert Fry said oil would need to be at $125 for eight weeks for the economy to be headed for recession.

‘My forecast is contingent on the assumption that the Strait of Hormuz will be fully open to tanker traffic by mid-April,’ Fry told the Wall Street Journal. ‘If it isn’t, oil prices will go much higher, and I will put a recession in my forecast.’

The economists see the probability of a US recession in the next 12 months at 32 percent - that’s up modestly from the 27 percent probability in the January survey. 

More

Recession is guaranteed if crude oil hits this price... and Wall Street warns it is alarmingly close | Daily Mail Online

Technology Update.

With events happening fast in the development of solar power and graphene, among other things, I’ve added this section Updates as they get reported.

Scientists develop bio-based graphene foams that can be used to build aerospace objects

March 21, 2026

The search for materials that combine high performance with environmental responsibility has led researchers toward nature-inspired solutions. Among the most promising outcomes of this approach is the development of bio-based graphene foams.

These are lightweight, porous structures engineered using renewable resources and advanced nanotechnology

In the EU project Bio.3DGREEN, 14 partners under the coordination of Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) have developed graphene foams from renewable raw materials.

Sustainable lightweight materials for automotive, aerospace applications

They aim to create a sustainable alternative to conventional damping and lightweight materials for automotive, aerospace and marine applications.

These materials reflect the efficiency of natural systems while offering exceptional mechanical and functional properties for industrial use.

Many biological systems—such as spongy bone or plant tissues—exhibit remarkable strength despite being highly porous. Scientists have drawn inspiration from these structures to design graphene-based foams with similar characteristics. By organizing graphene into a three-dimensional network, researchers have created materials that can endure repeated compression and still regain their original shape.

Bio-based graphene foams

What makes this innovation particularly significant is the shift toward bio-derived precursors. Instead of relying on fossil-based chemicals, renewable sources are used to produce these foams, reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable manufacturing practices.

One of the defining advantages of bio-based graphene foams is their ability to combine low density with high mechanical resilience. These materials can absorb mechanical shocks efficiently, making them suitable for applications where energy dissipation is critical. Unlike conventional foams that may degrade over time, graphene-based foams maintain their structural integrity even after repeated stress cycles, according to reports.

This balance between flexibility and strength positions them as strong candidates for replacing traditional materials in demanding environments.

Since this material is being used in additive manufacturing for the first time, developing the printing process is challenging: the paste made from coated metal particles and plant oil requires a specially developed feeding system. Additionally, the team will determine the optimal laser wavelength for precise material processing, reported Nanowerk.

With the Bio.3DGREEN project, the partners aim to demonstrate that additive manufacturing with graphene foams can be a high-performance and sustainable alternative for the production of shock-absorbing, sound-reducing, and/or lightweight structures.

As research progresses, bio-based graphene foams are expected to gain increasing attention in sectors that demand both performance and sustainability. Advances in fabrication techniques and growing environmental awareness will likely accelerate their transition from laboratory innovation to commercial application.

Bio-based graphene foams represent a new generation of materials that successfully merge strength, flexibility, and sustainability. By drawing inspiration from nature and utilizing renewable resources, they offer a forward-looking solution to many industrial challenges. With continued development, these materials could play a key role in shaping a more sustainable and efficient future.

Scientists develop bio-based graphene foams that can be used to build aerospace objects

Next, the world global debt clock. Nations debts to GDP compared.

World Debt Clocks (usdebtclock.org)

Gold and Silver have always had value, never gone to zero. Can you say the same for stocks and bonds?

Mark Skousen

Saturday, 21 March 2026

Special Update 21/03/2026 The Global Economy, How Long Have We Got Left?

Baltic Dry Index. 2056 +01    Brent Crude 112.19

Spot Gold 4492                           Spot Silver 67.81

U S 2 Year Yield 3.88 +0.09

US Federal Debt. 39.016 trillion

US GDP 31.255 trillion

Few policies are more calculated to destroy the existing basis of a free society than the debauching of its currency. And few tasks, if any, are more important to the champion of freedom than creation of a sound monetary system.

Hans F. Sennholz

Going down. How did the Israeli-USA Trump bear market start, slowly then suddenly.

As the increasingly unhinged Trump calls his NATO allies “COWARDS” for not bailing him out of his foolish arbitrary  war in the Persian Gulf, the US and global economy is now starting to crash.

How long before global unemployment seriously rises, the velocity of money stalls, private credit crashes, my guess is just another seven to ten days unless Caesar  declares victory, ends the war and opens up the Strait of Hormuz.

The likelihood of that happening in my opinion, less than ten percent.

In my other ninety percent, Trump’s Great Global Depression 2.0.

Hoping to be very wrong, dinosaur Graeme.

Stocks tumble Friday as losses mount from Iran war impact, Dow and Nasdaq near correction: Live updates

Updated Fri, Mar 20 2026 4:32 PM EDT

Stocks tumbled in volatile trading Friday as the U.S.-Israel conflict with Iran showed no sign of abating and oil prices continued their ascent.

The Dow Jones Industrial average shed 443.96 points, or 0.96%, ending at 45,577.47. The S&P 500 fell 1.51% and closed at 6,506.48, while the Nasdaq Composite lost 2.01% and settled at 21,647.61. The small-cap Russell 2000 declined more than 2% and slipped into correction territory — that is, a 10% decline from its latest high. At their lows of the day, the Dow and Nasdaq traded in correction territory, but ultimately closed shy of the 10% threshold.

The moves come after Iran and Israel exchanged strikes overnight, while the former also launched new attacks against energy sites in the Persian Gulf region. The Wall Street Journal reported, citing U.S. officials, that the Pentagon is sending thousands of additional Marines to the Middle East. CBS News said “heavy preparations” were being made for sending ground troops to Iran, citing multiple sources.

The selling ramped up in the afternoon, after Reuters reported that Iraq has declared force ‌majeure on all oilfields ​operated ​by foreign ⁠companies. This caused oil prices to climb, with Brent crude topping $113 a barrel at its high of the day and WTI oil trading over $98 a barrel.

“If this is an escalation involving troops on the ground, then we’re probably in for at least a couple more weeks of this sort of market of higher oil prices, high gas prices; you’re hanging on every headline about energy infrastructure in the region,” Baird investment strategist Ross Mayfield said to CNBC. “Quite frankly, equity markets haven’t sold off in a way that would reflect this sort of event yet, so there could still be some some downside ahead.”

Meanwhile, fears that inflation is reigniting and that rate cuts from the Federal Reserve are off the table pushed Treasury yields higher on Friday, further contributing to the stock market’s weakness.

The major averages posted their fourth losing week in a row. The S&P 500 has held up better than the other benchmarks, down just 7% from its recent high.

“It’s not unusual in the environment we’re in, with the amount of uncertainty we have, to have a 10% correction in any index,” said B. Riley’s Art Hogan. “So, to the extent that the S&P is broader and more diverse, it’s probably going to be the last to fall. But it’s also indicative of the fact that we’re in a very uncertain time.”

The selling was broad on Friday with tech leaders of the bull market seeing the biggest losses. Nvidia and Tesla lost 3% apiece. Few sectors were safe as rising yields also hit normally staid utilities.

Stock market today: Live updates

Three Weeks of War in the Middle East

March 20, 2026 at 9:49 PM GMT

Three weeks after the US and Israel launched a surprise attack on Iran amid ongoing negotiations over its nuclear program, President Donald Trump has found himself in a situation very different from his earlier effort at regime change.

With thousands dead, a widening war, spiking oil prices and now destroyed energy infrastructure, he is seeking $200 billion from Congress to continue a conflict which Democrats and some Republicans are quick to note was one of choice, since there is no public evidence the US faced an imminent threat. The funding request also comes as the US surpasses $39 trillion in debt, with the latest $1 trillion added in the past five months.

Trump has nevertheless pledged to continue attacking, and left open the possibility of ground forces. (Late Friday, he said almost the opposite in a new turnabout.) But with none of his various stated goals reached—denuclearization, total defeat of Iran’s military or a popular uprising against a regime that’s killed thousands of its citizens in recent months—Trump and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu are left with an energy crisis, and one that appears to be getting worse. Iran, as it turns out, is not VenezuelaDavid E. Rovella

Three Weeks of War in the Middle East: Evening Briefing Americas - Bloomberg

War’s Second Order Effects Are Starting to Slam the Economy

March 20, 2026 at 5:02 PM GMT

Almost three weeks into the war on Iran, markets are starting to price in the second order effects of entropy spreading through the world’s energy system. Investors have been underestimating the commodity shock rippling through the economy. Now, some are forecasting a stock rout
Take the knock-on effects from rising diesel fuel prices. Some truckers tell us they’re already adding a 5% transport surcharge to deliver consumer goods. That kind of inflationary activity has central bankers on edge and bond traders already forecasting a higher price on debt later in the year. It also raises the possibility of stagflation, as energy demand collides with physical shortages of feedstock and fuel. 

To be sure, policy makers are trying to react. We’re told Italy is attempting to purchase more natural gas from Algeria. Spain approved a €5 billion ($5.8 billion) aid package to ease the economic effects of the war. Refineries are paying huge premiums so they can continue making critical products like fertilizer

US President Donald Trump thought he could fight wars without becoming trapped by them, writes Becca Wasser in our Weekend Essay. Frustration with this situation boiled over today when Trump called his NATO allies “COWARDS’ in a social media post. As Iran continues to fight back, prolonging the conflict by lashing out against Gulf Arab states, the US president is learning the old Prussian military maxim: “No plan survives first contact with the enemy.” --Jonathan Tirone

War’s Second Order Effects Are Starting to Slam the Economy - Bloomberg

Iran's blockade shakes global markets with $1 trillion supply shock

20 March 2026

The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world's most important waterways, and a critical chokepoint for the world's energy supply. But three weeks since war engulfed the Middle East, the battered Iranian regime still maintains its iron grip on this 24–mile–wide maritime corridor. Now, a group of Austrian researchers have revealed how the closure of the Strait of Hormuz could devastate global supply chains. According to their simulations, exports worth up to $1.2trillion (£893.5billion) could be affected if Iran keeps the Strait closed for an extended period. While short disruptions of around two weeks would have limited consequences, blockages longer than four weeks could trigger 'cascading issues'.

----The Energy Artery Severed

The study focused on five Gulf countries – Iran, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain – that ship entirely through the Strait. Using a simulation, the researchers modelled how a blockage would affect 10,000 tankers travelling between 1,315 ports around the world. Co–author Dr Jasper Verschuur, of Delft University of Technology, told the Daily Mail: 'What is unique about the Strait is that there are no alternatives to reroute goods. 'This makes it distinct from other strategic maritime passages like Suez, Malacca and Taiwan that "handle" large volumes, but have rerouting alternatives.' Currently, about 20 per cent of the world's oil is shipped through this narrow gap, making it the 'energy artery' for many countries. However, after Israel and the US began their aerial bombardment, Iran has brought this traffic to a standstill.

Iran's blockade shakes global markets with $1 trillion supply shock

Days after the assassination of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei on February 28, Iran declared control of the Strait, trapping hundreds of ships in the Gulf. Since the start of the war, only a handful of vessels have managed to slip through, with at least 16 ships coming under attack, according to the UK Maritime Trade Organisation (UKMTO). This has already triggered spiking oil prices and sent shockwaves through the global economy, but the researchers warn that the situation could get worse. Dr Verschuur says that their modelling had pointed to the risk of a closure, but they 'certainly did not expect something so quickly and escalating as we see now'. The longer that Iran keeps the Strait closed, the deeper and more complex the disruption to supply chains will become.

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Iran's blockade shakes global markets with $1 trillion supply shock

The Strait of Hormuz must be opened in days, not weeks, to avoid global recession risks – BofA head of research

Mar 19, 2026, 11:25 AM ET

The current Middle East conflict could escalate rapidly, potentially driving oil prices (CO1:COM), (CL1:COM) above $200 per barrel if disruptions persist for multiple months, according to Francisco Blanch, head of Commodities and Derivatives Research at Bank of America Global Research.

In an interview with CNBC, Blanch emphasized that high energy prices and supply disruptions are creating significant risks of a global recession, with current estimates showing an eight-percentage-point gap in global energy supplies.

Blanch identified two critical factors that must be addressed to prevent a global economic downturn: protecting critical energy infrastructure from further strikes and immediately reopening the Strait of Hormuz.

“When I say quickly, I mean days, not weeks or months,” Blanch said, underscoring the urgency of the situation. He noted that roughly one percentage point of energy is needed for every percentage point of global GDP, making the current supply gap particularly alarming.

The analyst explained that soaring commodity prices are essentially forcing what he called “demand destruction” across the global economy.

“Demand destruction is essentially another term for economic activity contraction or recession, whichever way you want to call it,” Blanch stated.

Prices, he said, are serving as a signal to effectively force people and businesses out of their normal consumption patterns.

The crisis is already triggering widespread industrial and agricultural fallouts beyond the oil markets. Blanch pointed to factories in Asia shutting down on the petrochemical front, the Philippines moving to a four-day work week, and Thailand instructing workers to stay home, while overnight strikes at a GTL plant connected to fertilizer production are putting additional pressure on agriculture. Aluminum (SPGSIA), the most energy-intensive metal, is particularly vulnerable to the energy price surge.

While the U.S. is somewhat more insulated as a net energy exporter, Blanch cautioned that the situation remains “frail” for American consumers. Dubai crude has already spiked to $170 per barrel, and Japanese natural gas has reached $26 per MMBtu, though domestic measures like waiving the Jones Act are being implemented to mitigate impacts on U.S. consumers.

Blanch’s baseline scenario assumes a relatively quick resolution to the conflict, but he warned that a prolonged crisis would push prices even higher.

“We can see prices spiking over $200 a barrel as soon as the market believes that this can be a multi-month operation,” he said, adding that without the return of disrupted supplies, very high prices will be necessary to continue rationing global demand.

Strait of Hormuz must be opened in days, not weeks, to avoid global recession risks – BofA head of research | Seeking Alpha

Saudi Arabia Sees a Spike to $180 Oil if Energy Shock Persists Past April

Prices at such a level could trigger a recession or consumer changes that crush demand

March 19, 2026 9:00 pm ET

Saudi Arabia’s oil officials are working frantically to project how high oil prices might go if the Iran war and its disruption of energy supplies doesn’t end soon—and they don’t like what they are seeing.

The base case, several oil officials in the Gulf’s biggest producer said, is that prices could soar past $180 a barrel if the disruptions persist until late April.

While that would sound like a bonanza for a kingdom still heavily leveraged to oil revenue, it is deeply concerning. Prices that high could push consumers into habits that slash their oil use—potentially for the long term—or trigger a recession that also hurts demand. They also would risk casting Saudi Arabia in the role of profiteer in a war it didn’t start.

“Saudi Arabia generally does not like too-rapid increases in oil, because that then creates long-term market instability,” said Umer Karim, an analyst of Saudi foreign policy and geopolitics with the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. “For Saudis, the ideal equation is a relatively modest increase in prices while their market share remains stable.”

Saudi Aramco, the country’s national oil company, which handles production, sales and pricing, declined to comment.

This week’s strikes targeting energy facilities have pushed oil prices higher. In retaliation for an Israeli strike Wednesday on Iran’s South Pars gas field, Tehran hit facilities in Qatar’s Ras Laffan energy hub and attacked other Gulf infrastructure including Saudi facilities at Yanbu, the Red Sea end of a pipeline that can take crude around the chokepoint in the Strait of Hormuz.

Iran also continued to hit ships in the Gulf, extending a string of attacks that have all but shut the strait, the narrow conduit for 20% of the world’s oil shipments.

Attacks sent benchmark Brent futures as high as $119 a barrel before easing back Thursday. The contract’s all-time high, reached in July 2008, was $146.08. 

“$200 a barrel is not outside the realms of possibility in 2026,” analysts at energy consulting firm Wood Mackenzie said.

Gulf futures tied to Oman crude, which are less liquid but which quickly reflect local supply disruptions, shot past $166 a barrel. Oman is a benchmark for much of the oil sold by Middle East producers such as Saudi Arabia, with tankers of physical crude priced at a fixed spread to the benchmark, which floats up and down each day with the market.

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Exclusive | Saudi Arabia Sees a Spike to $180 Oil if Energy Shock Persists Past April - WSJ

This is an energy emergency: entire countries may run out of oil

The optimistic view is that Trump will chicken out and leave the Gulf to put out the fire that he has ignited

Ambrose Evans-Pritchard  Published 19 March 2026 6:11pm GMT

It is hard to decide which is the bigger disaster: the unfolding car crash in the global gas market or the mounting danger that entire countries will run out of oil.

The benchmark TTF contract for gas in Europe was €29 (£25) per megawatt-hour (MWh) in mid-February. Bank of America says it could reach €500 this winter if the Strait of Hormuz remains closed for 10 weeks, as it may well do.

That would blow through the record high seen after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and amount to a full-blown economic emergency for Europe, the UK, Japan, South Korea and South Asia.

The picture is dramatically worse after Israel attacked Iran’s South Pars gas field, adding upstream gas and oil infrastructure to the menu of targets on both sides of the Gulf.

Iran’s missile retaliation on Qatar’s Ras Laffan has inflicted serious damage to the giant complex, which alone produces a fifth of the world’s liquefied natural gas (LNG).

It will be months before shipments start again. Qatar Energy says 17pc of production is lost for three to five years. It will have to declare force majeure on LNG supplies to Italy, Korea, China and Belgium.

It is just as bad for oil. The paper market that we all follow does not capture the drama. Physical deliveries are under far greater stress than Brent futures, at about $113, would suggest.

Actual barrels of the Dubai basket and Oman’s Murban are fetching close to $170 a barrel as Asian refiners scramble to buy anything they can. Jet fuel deliveries have hit $210 in Rotterdam and $240 in Singapore.

Kurt Barrow, the vice-president of oil at S&P Global Energy, says it may become physically impossible to obtain supplies. “If the Strait stays closed for two months, you’ll have plants without feedstock and we’ll get real rationing. We’ll have panic buying and hoarding,” he said.

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This is an energy emergency: entire countries may run out of oil

'I predicted the 2008 financial crash - something worse could be coming'

20 March 2026

The 2008 financial crisis was among the most catastrophic and wide-reaching economic calamities in living memory. Sparked in early 2007 by irresponsible lending in the US housing market, it spread globally, intensifying an already severe recession and forcing government bailouts of financial institutions worldwide. Now former hedge fund employee Richard Bookstaber - who authored A Demon of Our Own Design, which forecast the impending crash in 2007 - suggests something more severe may be looming.

"We have returned to a period of risk," he writes in the New York Times, "one rife with the sort of pressures that have led to major financial crises. This time, the risks are spread across industries, markets and nations: artificial intelligence, the roughly $2 trillion private credit industry, stock markets, Taiwan and now Iran." Richard highlights that many of the borrowers underpinning the lending sector are software and technology firms - precisely the types of businesses, he argues, whose services could soon be superseded by AI.

The ongoing conflict in the Middle East, coupled with a long-threatened confrontation between the US and China in the South China Sea, will only further destabilise these sectors, he cautions.

"Take Iran," Richard writes. "An energy shock from the conflict that raises the cost of power or constrains its supply directly affects data centres and AI production." This will drive up costs for the AI infrastructure that increasing numbers of businesses are becoming reliant on, he warns.

There is also a mounting risk that China could act against Taiwan. The Chinese government has long maintained that Taiwan is its territory, and only a strong US military presence in the region has so far prevented action.

With the US potentially entangled in a protracted and costly conflict in Iran, Xi Jinping could decide that the moment is opportune to blockade or even invade the island.

That would have a catastrophic impact on AI-dependent businesses: a single Taiwanese company supplies more than 50% of the world's computer chips.

This would have "inevitable knock-on effects," Richard warns, noting that simultaneous conflicts in the Middle East - disrupting global oil supply - and in Taiwan - crippling the West's AI infrastructure - could inflict unprecedented damage on the global economy.

It is the growing interconnectedness of the world's economies, he says, that makes a fresh financial crisis more dangerous: "Our current financial system fails not because any one thing goes wrong. It fails because different shocks propagate through the same structure and in ways that are hard to anticipate," he writes.

"When something eventually goes wrong, it spreads faster than it can be contained."

Richard suggests that today's financial system could be even more vulnerable than in 2008: "The physical risks of Iran, Taiwan and the A.I. boom are supplanting the types of financial risks that preceded 2008," he stated. "I'd take financial risk any day. Financial risk moves just prices. Physical risk moves the world."

'I predicted the 2008 financial crash - something worse could be coming'

In other news, Iran.  88 million people, the 17th largest country on planet Earth. Is America really ready to put troops into Iran to try to occupy it? How many and for how long? Approx. 28 minutes.

The Geography of Iran Explained.

The Geography of Iran Explained.

Global Inflation/Stagflation/Recession Watch.

Given our Magic Money Tree central banksters and our spendthrift politicians, inflation now needs an entire section of its own.

Recession fears grip markets as energy facilities come under fire in Middle East

March 19, 2026

Risk-off mode takes hold as attacks bring crisis to 'a more dangerous level for the global economy', analyst says

A recession mindset took hold among global investors after strikes on energy infrastructure in the Middle East heightened fears that disruption to production and distribution would keep oil prices elevated for longer, darkening the global economic outlook.

Crude prices staged a comeback on Thursday after Iran attacked a liquefied petroleum gas site in Qatar in retaliation for Israel's strikes on its South Pars gas field. Brent futures surged 5.5 per cent to US$113.53 a barrel in London, and contracts for West Texas Intermediate jumped 1 per cent to US$97.44.

"The attack on Qatari gas fields has taken the Gulf crisis to a more dangerous level for the global economy," said Gary Dugan, CEO of The Global CIO Office, which advises family offices and ultra-high-net-worth investors. "Disruption to both oil and gas supplies is pushing prices higher and raises the risk of genuine fuel shortages that could materially crimp global growth."

Do you have questions about the biggest topics and trends from around the world? Get the answers with SCMP Knowledge, our new platform of curated content with explainers, FAQs, analyses and infographics brought to you by our award-winning team.

The outlook triggered a broad risk-off mode among investors, as the narrative following the closure of the Strait of Hormuz quickly shifted from energy shortage to supply disruption.

The US dollar index held up firmly at around 100, indicating investors were looking for safe havens, while stock markets saw sell-offs. After the S&P 500 sank 1.4 per cent overnight, the Hang Seng Index slid 2 per cent on Thursday, while the Shanghai Composite Index of yuan-denominated stocks closed 1.4 per cent lower after briefly dropping below the 4,000-point threshold.

Meanwhile, the yield on longer-dated US Treasuries edged higher, reflecting fears of resurgent inflation. Gold also retreated, with investors taking profits to cover margin calls linked to other asset classes.

Investors had barely priced in the threat of global recession before the escalation. Risk assets had remained relatively resilient on expectations that the US-Israel assault against Iran would end quickly. Even after Iran's blockage of the Strait of Hormuz - a marine corridor responsible for about a fifth of the world's oil flows - investors stayed upbeat that it was simply a logistics snarl and would not evolve into a true energy crisis.

The attack on infrastructure facilities changed that mindset, forcing investors to take risks off the table as the challenge changed from re-routing ships to repairing physical damage, which could take weeks or even months, according to Stephen Innes, a managing partner at SPI Asset Management.

"The moment upstream Iranian energy assets were hit, the entire pricing framework flipped from logistics to geology," he said. "You can hedge a tanker delay, but you cannot hedge a wounded gas or oilfield. Tankers can be re-routed, and pipelines can become larger conduits for flow, but damaged production capacity has to be rebuilt, not redirected."

With oil trading above US$100 a barrel, global growth could be shaved by 0.4 percentage points while inflation could surge by 0.7 percentage points, according to economists.

The recession risk also increased after Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell signalled that a prolonged war would add more uncertainty to the outlook for monetary policies. Rates traders dialled back bets on the number of interest-rate reductions expected this year - to one from two - after the Fed stood pat on borrowing costs at the year's second policy meeting.

"Should the significant risk that the conflict drags on materialise, and oil remain well above US$100 per barrel for longer, the inflationary effects will feed through into a wider basket of goods, and we could be looking at the next Fed move being a hike later this year, not a cut," said Jon Butcher, an economist at Aberdeen Investments.

Recession fears grip markets as energy facilities come under fire in Middle East

Technology Update.

With events happening fast in the development of solar power and graphene, I’ve added this section.

Ye olde English way of measuring alcohol content by “proof,” explained. Pour out a glass of scotch, gin, rum or brandy and start, you’ll probably need a stiff one.

Understanding British Imperial Proof Strength

February 13, 2022

I see a lot of questions about the old British “imperial proof” system. It confuses a lot of folks, which is understandable. Here’s an example: someone recently posted a picture of an old bottle. The label says “75% proof” as well as “43% ABV.”

In the American definition, the “proof” is twice the alcoholic strength by volume. In the case of the above bottle, twice 43% ABV is 86 proof.

Yet the label ways 75% proof. What gives?

This particular bottle was old enough that it used the imperial proof system. Let’s take a look at that system.

The Gravity of the Situation

The imperial proof system is one of those things that seems super complicated until you understand it, then it’s incredibly easy.

Rather than jump straight into proof math, let’s understand it conceptually. To do that, let’s momentarily look at something completely unrelated yet quite instructive.

Let’s talk about gravity. Scientists have technical terms and units to describe it, but we’re going to keep it simple. The earth we all live on has a gravitation pull downward. The gravitational pull is essentially the same anywhere we go on the earth’s surface. Let’s give that amount of gravity a name: “standard gravity.”

Now, if we teleport to the moon, we know the gravitational pull is less. But how can we describe how much less? Perhaps we might describe it as a percentage of the Earth’s standard gravity. A quick look at Wikipedia shows that the moon’s gravity is 16.5 percent of the Earth’s standard gravity.

Next, let’s zoom off to Jupiter, where we’ll weigh much more because Jupiter has a higher gravity than earth. How much more? Again, Wikipedia has the answer: 265% more than the earth, so 2.65 Earth standard gravities.

The important point here is that we’ve chosen a unit of measurement—the gravity of the earth—and we’ve expressed the gravity of other celestial bodies in units of that measurement.

With this in mind, we’re now better prepared to understand the imperial proof system.

What Your Proof?

Clear your mind of anything you know about the alcoholic strength of spirits. Forget about ABV; forget about “proof.”

Now, imagine that some global authority decides that their favorite spirit is the standard by which all other spirits should be measured. We shall call it the “reference spirit.” We have no idea what its alcoholic strength is, so we can only say it’s of “reference strength” — whatever that means.

Next, think about how we might describe the strength of another spirit. Luckily, we have a magic measuring device that can tell us the strength of any spirit relative to this reference strength.

With one spirit, our magic measuring device says that it’s 10% more than the reference spirit. We could say that spirit is “110% reference strength.”

For another spirit, the device declares it to be 70% of the reference strength. We could put “70% reference strength” on the label.

The parallels between units of gravity and units of “reference strength” are very simple to grasp.

As it just so happens, centuries ago, the British government actually declared a “reference strength.”

They called it “Proof strength.”

Understanding Proof Math

Without going deep into the history of British excise law, the British government didn’t use ABV way back in the day. Instead, they defined what “proof” meant. In modern terms, it was equivalent to 57.14% ABV.

Terms like “underproof” and “overproof” were percentages and relative to proof strength.

Let’s look at some examples:

10% overproof

110% of 57.14% ABV = 62.8% ABV.

75% Proof

75% of 57.14% ABV = 42.9% ABV

Navy Strength

Navy strength was defined as “4.5 percent (“degrees”) under proof”

100% – 4.5% = 95.5%

95.5% of 57.14% ABV = 54.5% ABV.

Yes, navy strength is not 57% ABV. Many brands have this wrong. Nor is it overproof. Technically, it was underproof.

Doing it the other way – 151 Rum

“151” strength rum is popular in cocktails. The “151” refers to its strength in the American proof system.

It’s also a great example for doing the math backward to convert from American proof or ABV to imperial proof.

151 American proof = 75.5% ABV.

75.5 is 32% more than 57.14: 75.5 / 57.14 = 1.32. Or 132%, if you prefer.

Thus, “151 rum” would be 132 imperial proof, or “32 percent overproof,” if you prefer.

Let’s Talk About “Overproof”

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Understanding British Imperial Proof Strength - Cocktail Wonk

Next, the world global debt clock. Nations debts to GDP compared.

World Debt Clocks (usdebtclock.org)

Exponent Calculator

Enter values into any two of the input fields to solve for the third.

Exponent Calculator

This weekend’s music diversion. Another long forgotten Italian great.  Approx. 25 minutes but the opening 12 minute allegro is enough.

Gaetano Pugnani (1731-1798) - Concerto in re maggiore per due violini

Gaetano Pugnani (1731-1798) - Concerto in re maggiore per due violini - YouTube

Next, how Iran got a coup.  Approx.19 minutes.

How the US Turned Iran Into a Dictatorship: The 1953 Coup (Documentary)

How the US Turned Iran Into a Dictatorship: The 1953 Coup (Documentary) - YouTube

Finally, how the UAE plans to bypass the Strait of Hormuz once and for all.  Approx. 21 minutes.

UAE Is Wiping the Strait of Hormuz Off the Map and Building Its Own Secret Bypass

UAE Is Wiping the Strait of Hormuz Off the Map and Building Its Own Secret Bypass - YouTube

The natural tendency of government, once in charge of money, is to inflate and to destroy the value of the currency.

Murray Rothbard